寶鑑Bogam

Formulas · Text · Donguibogam 東醫寶鑑

The Eye

An

한글 눈  ·  Pinyin Yan

The five wheels and the eight enclosures — why there is no cold in eye disease, the screen inside and the screen outside, and twenty-three names for a clouding pupil

眼

The longest chapter in the Outer Form volumes, and the one with the most machinery. The Lingshu gives it its anatomy: the essence of the bone makes the pupil, of the sinew the black of the eye, of the blood the network vessels, of the qi the white, of the flesh the binding lids — and all of them, with the eye's connecting vessel, run up into the brain and out at the nape, which is why a blow at the nape can set the brain turning and the eyes spinning, and why an evil that scatters the essence makes one object look like two. On that the chapter builds the five wheels and the eight enclosures, mapping every part of the eye to a viscus, and then states the rule the whole subject rests on: there is no cold in eye disease, only vacuity and heat. Jahwa puts it as a catalogue — the white turning red is fire in the lung, the lids red and swollen fire in the spleen, the dark water screened fire in the liver and kidney — and Dongwon adds the other half, that all of it is carried by the blood the spleen sends up, so that treating the spleen and settling the spirit is treating the root. Then the two great divisions: the internal obstruction, painless and tearless, where a fat descends from the brain and congeals on the dark pupil, with twenty-three named forms of it; and the external, where a screen sits on the surface and is read by the direction its vessels run — down from above is the greater yang and is warmed, up from below is the yang brightness and is drained, in from the outer corner is the lesser yang and is harmonized. The causes are a list worth reading on its own: eating the five pungent things raw, reading fine print at night, weeping too much, staring at the sun and moon, carving minute work, years of copying. Of the pharmacy, the internal formulas are mostly sound and several are still used; the eye drops are lead, mercury, arsenic and copper salts laid on the cornea, and none of them can be made.

3.1 The Eye Is the Essence of the Viscera and Bowels 眼爲臟腑之精

3.1.1
Source원문

五藏六府之精氣, 皆上注於目而爲之精. 精之窠爲眼, 骨之精爲瞳子, 筋之精爲黑眼, 血之精爲絡其窠, 氣之精爲白眼, 肌肉之精爲約束褁擷. 筋骨血氣之精而與脉系上屬於腦, 後出於項中. 故邪中於項, 因逢其身之虛, 其入深, 則隨眼系以入於腦; 入於腦則腦轉, 腦轉則引目系急, 目系急則目眩以轉矣(卽因風眩暈也). 邪中其精, 其精所中不相比也, 則精散; 精散則視歧, 視歧見兩物也(視一物爲兩也).

Translation영역
The essential qi of the five viscera and six bowels all pours upward into the eye and becomes its essence. The nest of the essence is the eye: the essence of the bone makes the pupil, the essence of the sinew the black of the eye, the essence of the blood the network vessels that enclose the nest, the essence of the qi the white of the eye, and the essence of the flesh the binding and gathering lids. The essences of sinew, bone, blood and qi, together with the vessel's connection, run upward and belong to the brain, and come out behind at the middle of the nape. So when an evil strikes at the nape and meets with vacuity in the body, it enters deep and follows the eye's connecting vessel into the brain; entering the brain it makes the brain turn, and the brain turning draws the eye's connection tight, and the connection tight makes the eyes spin and turn — this is the dizziness that comes of wind. And when an evil strikes the essences so that the essences struck no longer match one another, the essence scatters; scattered, the sight divides, and divided sight sees two things — that is, one object seen as two.

Yeongchu 靈樞

3.1.2
Source원문

目者五藏六府之精也, 榮衛魂魄之所常營也, 神氣之所生也. 故神勞則魂魄散, 志意亂. 是故瞳子ㆍ黑眼法於陰, 白眼ㆍ赤脉法於陽也, 故陰陽合傳而爲精明也. 目者心之使也, 心者神之舍也. 故神精亂而不轉, 卒然見非常之處, 精神魂魄散不相得, 故曰惑也. 《靈樞》

Translation영역
The eye is the essence of the five viscera and six bowels, where the construction and defence and the ethereal and corporeal souls are always at work, and where the spirit qi is engendered. So when the spirit is taxed the souls scatter and the will is disordered. The pupil and the black of the eye follow the pattern of yin; the white and the red vessels follow the pattern of yang; and so yin and yang joined and transmitted make the clarity of the essence. The eye is the heart's envoy, and the heart is the dwelling of the spirit. So when the spirit's essence is disordered and will not turn, and one suddenly sees an unaccustomed place, the essence, spirit and the two souls scatter and do not meet each other — and this is called bewilderment.

Yeongchu 靈樞

3.1.3
Source원문

是以五藏六府ㆍ十二經脉ㆍ三百六十五絡, 其血氣皆稟受於脾土, 上貫於目而爲明. 故脾虛則五藏之精氣皆失所使, 不能歸明於目矣. 《綱目》

Translation영역
And so the five viscera and six bowels, the twelve channel vessels and the three hundred and sixty-five network vessels all receive their blood and qi from the spleen earth, which threads upward into the eye and makes it bright. So when the spleen is vacuous, the essential qi of the five viscera all loses what directs it and cannot return as brightness to the eye.
Clinical note임상 주석
The Lingshu passage is the foundation of the whole chapter and repays slow reading. It assigns each part of the eye to the essence of a tissue, routes them all into the brain and out at the nape, and then explains two symptoms mechanically from that route: a blow at the nape setting the brain turning and the eyes spinning, and an evil that puts the essences out of register making one object appear as two. Both are correct accounts of real signs. The Gangmok's addition shifts the clinical weight to the spleen, and the rest of the chapter divides between these two readings — the eye as the brain's outpost, and the eye as what the spleen's blood reaches last.

Gangmok 綱目

3.2 The Chart of the Five Wheels 五輪之圖

3.2.1
Source원문

白睛屬肺, 氣之精爲氣輪. ○黑睛屬肝, 筋之精爲風輪. ○上下瞼屬脾, 肉之精爲肉輪. ○大小眥屬心, 血之精爲血輪. ○瞳人屬腎, 骨之精爲水輪. 《得效》

Translation영역
The white of the eye belongs to the lung: the essence of the qi makes the qi wheel. The black of the eye belongs to the liver: the essence of the sinew makes the wind wheel. The upper and lower lids belong to the spleen: the essence of the flesh makes the flesh wheel. The greater and lesser corners belong to the heart: the essence of the blood makes the blood wheel. The pupil belongs to the kidney: the essence of the bone makes the water wheel.

Deukhyo 得效

3.2.2
Source원문

氣輪. 病因凌寒冒暑, 受飮寒漿, 肌體虛疏, 寒邪入內. 其候或痛或昏, 傳在白睛, 筋多腫赤, 視日如隔霧, 看物似生烟. 日久不治, 變成白膜黑暗難開. 《得效》

Translation영역
The qi wheel. The disease comes of braving cold and exposure to summer heat, of drinking cold draughts, and of the flesh being vacuous and loose so that cold evil enters within. Its signs are pain or dimness, passing into the white of the eye, with the vessels much swollen and red, the sun seen as through mist and objects as though smoke were rising. Left untreated for long it turns into a white membrane with darkness, and the eye is hard to open.

Deukhyo 得效

3.2.3
Source원문

風輪. 病因喜怒不常, 作勞用心, 晝視遠物, 夜讀細書. 其候眥頭尤澁, 睛內偏疼, 視物不明, 胞弦緊急. 宜去風藥. 《得效》

Translation영역
The wind wheel. The disease comes of joy and anger out of measure, of labouring and using the mind, of looking at distant things by day and reading fine print by night. Its signs are the corner of the eye especially rough, pain to one side within the eye, objects seen unclearly, and the lid margin drawn tight. Wind-dispelling medicines should be used.

Deukhyo 得效

3.2.4
Source원문

肉輪. 病因多食熱物, 好喫五辛, 遠道奔馳, 食飽耽眠, 風積痰壅. 其候眼胞赤腫昏蒙, 多淚倒睫, 澁痛瘀血侵睛. 宜疏醒脾藥. 《得效》

Translation영역
The flesh wheel. The disease comes of eating much hot food, of a liking for the five pungent things, of running long roads, of sleeping heavily on a full stomach, and of wind accumulating and phlegm congesting. Its signs are the lids red, swollen and dim, much tearing with inturned lashes, roughness and pain, and static blood invading the eye. Medicines that free and rouse the spleen should be used.

Deukhyo 得效

3.2.5
Source원문

血輪. 病因七情煩勞, 內動於心, 外攻於目. 其候赤筋纏眥, 白膜侵睛, 胞腫難開, 昏澁. 日久不治, 失明愈深. 宜洗心凉血藥. 《得效》

Translation영역
The blood wheel. The disease comes of the seven affects with vexation and taxation, stirring the heart within and striking the eye without. Its signs are red vessels winding at the corner, a white membrane invading the eye, the lids swollen and hard to open, and dimness with roughness. Left untreated for long, the loss of sight grows deeper. Medicines that wash the heart and cool the blood should be used.

Deukhyo 得效

3.2.6
Source원문

水輪. 病因勞役過度, 嗜慾無厭, 又傷七情, 加之多飡酒麪, 好啖醎辛, 因動腎經, 通於黑水. 其候冷淚鎭流於臉上, 飛蠅相趂於睛前, 積聚風虛, 或澁或痒, 結成瞖障, 常多昏暗. 宜用補腎藥. 《得效》

Translation영역
The water wheel. The disease comes of taxation beyond measure and of appetite without restraint, with damage from the seven affects besides, and to that is added much eating of wine and wheat and a liking for salt and pungent food, which stirs the kidney channel and reaches the dark water. Its signs are cold tears running constantly down the face, flying midges chasing each other before the eye, wind vacuity gathering, roughness or itching, an obstructing screen forming, and constant dimness. Kidney-supplementing medicines should be used.
Clinical note임상 주석
The five wheels turn a map into a clinical instrument: each part of the eye is assigned a viscus, and then each wheel is given its own aetiology, its own signs and its own class of medicine. The result is a diagnostic algorithm — look at which part of the eye is affected, and the treatment follows. It is the clearest systematization in the chapter, and the water wheel's description of cold tears and flying midges is the Bogam's best account of floaters.

Deukhyo 得效

3.3 The Chart of the Eight Enclosures 八廓之圖

3.3.1
Source원문

天廓, 肺與大腸, 傳道. ○地廓, 脾與胃, 水糓. ○火廓, 心與命門, 抱陽. ○水廓, 腎, 會陰. ○風廓, 肝, 養化. ○雷廓, 小腸, 關泉. ○山廓, 膽, 淸淨. ○澤廓, 膀胱, 津液. 《得效》

Translation영역
The heaven enclosure: lung and large intestine, the conveying road. The earth enclosure: spleen and stomach, water and grain. The fire enclosure: heart and life gate, embracing the yang. The water enclosure: kidney, the meeting of yin. The wind enclosure: liver, nourishing and transforming. The thunder enclosure: small intestine, the barrier spring. The mountain enclosure: gallbladder, the clear and pure. The marsh enclosure: bladder, the fluids.
Clinical note임상 주석
Eight enclosures laid over the same eye the five wheels divide, this time by trigram, each taking a bowel or a viscus and a function. The two schemes do not reconcile and the chapter does not try to reconcile them; the wheels are what it actually uses in treatment, while the enclosures are kept because the tradition kept them.

Deukhyo 得效

3.4 The Eye Belongs to the Five Viscera 眼睛屬五臟

3.4.1
Source원문

首尾赤眥屬心, 滿眼白睛屬肺, 其烏睛圓大屬肝, 其上下肉胞屬脾, 而中間黑瞳一點如漆者, 腎實主之. 《直指》

Translation영역
The red corners at either end belong to the heart; the white filling the eye belongs to the lung; the round black of the eye belongs to the liver; the fleshy lids above and below belong to the spleen; and the single black pupil in the middle, like a spot of lacquer, is truly governed by the kidney.

Jikji 直指

3.4.2
Source원문

白睛屬肺, 名曰氣輪; 赤者屬心, 行血脉也. 再於黑睛上分暈, 微靑者屬肝也, 次黑者屬腎也, 中間一點瞳人屬膽也. 《入門》

Translation영역
The white of the eye belongs to the lung and is called the qi wheel; the red belongs to the heart and moves in the blood vessels. Further, dividing the haloes on the black of the eye: the faintly blue-green belongs to the liver, the next darker to the kidney, and the single point of the pupil in the middle belongs to the gallbladder.
Clinical note임상 주석
Two versions of the same assignment, and the Immun's differs on the pupil — gallbladder rather than kidney — and divides the dark of the eye into graded haloes. The disagreement matters in practice, since the whole method is to read the diseased part back to its viscus, and which viscus owns the pupil decides whether an internal obstruction is treated at the kidney or at the gallbladder.

Immun 入門

3.5 The Eye Has an Inner and an Outer Corner 眼有內外眥

3.5.1
Source원문

目眥外決于面者爲銳眥, 在內近鼻者爲內眥. 上爲外眥, 下爲內眥. 《靈樞》

Translation영역
The corner of the eye that opens outward on the face is the sharp corner; the one within, near the nose, is the inner corner. The upper is the outer corner and the lower the inner.

Yeongchu 靈樞

3.5.2
Source원문

足太陽爲目上綱, 足陽明爲目下綱. 《靈樞》 ○眥謂四際瞼睫之本也. 《內經註》

Translation영역
The foot greater yang is the upper cord of the eye and the foot yang brightness the lower cord. The corner means the four margins, the root of the lids and lashes.

Yeongchu 靈樞 · Naegyeong-ju 內經註

3.5.3
Source원문

目之內眥, 太陽經之所起, 血多氣少; 目之銳眥, 少陽經也, 血少氣多; 目之上綱, 太陽經也, 亦血多氣少; 目之下綱, 陽明經也, 血氣俱多. 此三經俱會于目, 惟足厥陰經連於目系而已. 故血太過者, 太陽ㆍ陽明之實也; 血不及者, 厥陰之虛也. 故出血者宜太陽ㆍ陽明, 蓋此二經血多故也; 少陽一經不宜出血, 血少故也. 刺太陽ㆍ陽明出血則目愈明, 刺少陽出血則目愈昏矣. 《子和》

Translation영역
The inner corner of the eye is where the greater yang channel arises, with much blood and little qi; the sharp corner is the lesser yang, with little blood and much qi; the upper cord is the greater yang, likewise with much blood and little qi; the lower cord is the yang brightness, with both blood and qi abundant. These three channels all meet at the eye, and only the foot reverting yin connects with the eye's connecting vessel. So where the blood is in excess it is a repletion of the greater yang and yang brightness, and where the blood is deficient it is a vacuity of the reverting yin. Therefore bleeding should be done at the greater yang and yang brightness, since these two channels have much blood; the lesser yang alone should not be bled, since its blood is scant. Needling the greater yang and yang brightness to let blood makes the eye brighter; needling the lesser yang to let blood makes it dimmer.
Clinical note임상 주석
Jahwa's rule is the most practical thing in the opening sections and it is a surgical one: bleed at the greater yang and the yang brightness, never at the lesser yang. He grounds it in the blood-to-qi ratio of each channel at the eye, and states the consequence of getting it wrong — the eye grows dimmer. For a practitioner who bled for red eyes, this was the difference between help and harm.

Jahwa 子和

3.6 All the Vessels Belong to the Eye 諸脉屬目

3.6.1
Source원문

心合脉, 諸脉者皆屬於目. 《內經》

Translation영역
The heart pairs with the vessels, and all the vessels belong to the eye.

Naegyeong 內經

3.6.2
Source원문

五藏六府精華皆稟於脾, 注於目. 故理脾胃則氣上升而神淸也. 肝之系雖總於目, 而照徹光彩實腎精心神所主. 故補精安神者, 乃治眼之本也. 《入門》

Translation영역
The flower of the essence of the five viscera and six bowels is all received from the spleen and poured into the eye. So when the spleen and stomach are put in order the qi ascends and the spirit is clear. Although the liver's connection gathers at the eye, the shining brightness is truly governed by the kidney's essence and the heart's spirit. So supplementing the essence and settling the spirit is the root of treating the eye.

Immun 入門

3.6.3
Source원문

因心事煩冗, 飮食失節, 勞役過度, 故脾胃虛弱, 心火太盛, 則百脉沸騰, 血脉逆行, 邪害孔竅, 所謂天明則日月不明是也. 脾者諸陰之首也, 目者血脉之宗也. 故脾虛則五藏之精氣皆失所司, 不能歸明於目矣. 心者君火也, 主人之神, 宜静而安, 相火代行其令; 相火者包絡也, 主百脉皆榮於目. 旣勞役運動, 損其血脉, 故諸病生焉. 醫者不理脾胃及養血安神, 是治標不治本, 不明此理也. 《東垣》

Translation영역
When the affairs of the heart are vexed and crowded, food and drink out of measure and taxation beyond bounds, the spleen and stomach grow vacuous and weak and the heart fire becomes too exuberant; then the hundred vessels boil up, the blood vessels run counter, and the evil harms the orifices — which is what is meant by saying that when the heavens shine the sun and moon do not. The spleen is the head of all the yin, and the eye is the ancestor of the blood vessels. So when the spleen is vacuous, the essential qi of the five viscera all loses what directs it and cannot return as brightness to the eye. The heart is the sovereign fire and governs a person's spirit; it should be still and at peace, and the ministerial fire carries out its orders in its place. The ministerial fire is the pericardium, and it governs the hundred vessels, all of which flourish at the eye. Once taxation and exertion have damaged those vessels, all the diseases arise. A physician who does not put the spleen and stomach in order and nourish the blood and settle the spirit is treating the branch and not the root, and has not understood this principle.
Clinical note임상 주석
Dongwon's statement of the chapter's other half, against the liver-and-wind approach that dominates its pharmacy. The eye is the ancestor of the blood vessels, the spleen is what supplies them, and a physician who treats the eye without putting the middle in order is treating the branch. The quoted line about the heavens shining is the Suwen's figure for a fire so general that nothing shines in particular.

Dongwon 東垣

3.7 The Pulse 脉法

3.7.1
Source원문

左寸脉洪數, 心火炎也; 關脉弦而洪, 肝火盛也; 右寸關俱弦而洪, 肝木挾相火之勢, 侮肺金而乗脾土也. 《醫鑑》

Translation영역
A surging rapid pulse at the left inch is the heart fire blazing; a stringlike and surging pulse at the bar is the liver fire exuberant; and the right inch and bar both stringlike and surging is liver wood with the force of the ministerial fire behind it, insulting the lung metal and overwhelming the spleen earth.

Uigam 醫鑑

3.7.2
Source원문

眼本火病, 心肝數洪, 右寸關見相火上衝. 《回春》

Translation영역
Eye disease is fundamentally a fire disease: the heart and liver pulses are rapid and surging, and at the right inch and bar the ministerial fire is seen surging upward.

Hoechun 回春

3.7.3
Source원문

眼見黑花者, 從腎虛而起, 診左手尺脉當沉而數者是也. 《類聚》

Translation영역
Seeing black flowers before the eyes arises from kidney vacuity; on examination the left cubit pulse is sunken and rapid, and that is the sign.
Clinical note임상 주석
Three short entries and they divide the chapter between them: the first two find fire and the third finds vacuity. The one practical discrimination is the Yuchwi's — floaters with a sunken rapid cubit pulse point to the kidney, which is why the floater formulas are tonics while everything else in the chapter is cold.

Yuchwi 類聚

3.8 The Eye Is the Liver's Orifice 目者肝之竅

3.8.1
Source원문

肝在竅爲目. 《內經》 ○東方靑色, 入通於肝, 開竅於目, 藏精於肝. 《內經》

Translation영역
The liver's orifice is the eye. The blue-green colour of the east enters and communicates with the liver, opens its orifice at the eye, and stores its essence in the liver.

Naegyeong 內經

3.8.2
Source원문

人卧則血歸於肝, 肝受血而能視. 《內經》

Translation영역
When a person lies down the blood returns to the liver; the liver receives the blood and so one can see.

Naegyeong 內經

3.8.3
Source원문

肝氣通於目, 肝和則能辨五色. 《難經》 ○肝虛則目䀮䀮無所見. 《內經》 ○目瞑者, 肝氣不治也. 《海藏》

Translation영역
The liver qi communicates with the eye, and when the liver is harmonious one can distinguish the five colours. When the liver is vacuous the eyes are dim and see nothing. Closed eyes mean the liver qi is not in order.

Nangyeong 難經 · Naegyeong 內經 · Haejang 海藏

3.8.4
Source원문

目者肝之外候. 肝取木, 腎取水, 水能生木, 子母相合, 故肝腎之氣充則精彩光明, 肝腎之氣乏則昏蒙暈眩. 心者神之舍, 又所以爲肝腎之副焉. 蓋心主血, 肝藏血, 血能生熱, 凡熱衝發於眼, 皆當淸心凉肝. 《直指》

Translation영역
The eye is the liver's outward sign. The liver takes wood and the kidney water, and water can engender wood; child and mother join together, so that when the qi of liver and kidney is full the eye is bright and lustrous, and when it is lacking there is dimness and dizziness. The heart is the dwelling of the spirit, and is besides the second to liver and kidney. For the heart governs the blood and the liver stores it, and blood can engender heat; so whenever heat surges and breaks out in the eye, one should clear the heart and cool the liver.

Jikji 直指

3.8.5
Source원문

肝藏血, 熱則目赤腫, 虛則眼前生花(詳見眼花). 赤腫宜地黃粥. 《入門》

Translation영역
The liver stores blood: when it is hot the eyes are red and swollen, and when it is vacuous flowers appear before them (see the Flowers Before the Eyes section in detail). For redness and swelling, Jihwang-juk should be used.
Clinical note임상 주석
The liver chapter of the eye, and the argument runs through the mother-child relation: water engenders wood, so the kidney feeds the liver, and the eye is bright or dim according to both. The Jikji's practical conclusion — clear the heart and cool the liver for any heat breaking out in the eye — is the sentence most of the chapter's formulas answer to.

Immun 入門

3.9 There Is No Cold in Eye Disease 眼病無寒

3.9.1
Source원문

歷考眼科之病, 無寒而有虛與熱. 豈寒澁血而不上攻歟. 《入門》

Translation영역
Going through the diseases of the eye one by one, there is no cold, but there is vacuity and there is heat. Is it not that cold makes the blood rough so that it does not strike upward?
Clinical note임상 주석
One sentence and it governs the whole chapter. No cold in eye disease — only vacuity and heat — with a reason offered in the form of a question: cold thickens the blood so that it does not rise, and what does not rise cannot trouble the eye. The two formulas in the chapter that do warm, Napcha-eum and Ganghwal-toeye-tang, both get round the rule by locating the cold in a channel rather than in the eye.

Immun 入門

3.10 Without Fire the Eye Does Not Fall Ill 眼無火不病

3.10.1
Source원문

目不因火則不病. 何以言之? 白輪變赤, 火乗肺也; 肉輪赤腫, 火乗脾也; 黑水神光被瞖, 火乗肝與腎也; 赤脉貫目, 火自甚也. 能治火者一句了. 故內經曰, 熱勝則腫. 凡目暴赤腫起, 羞明隱澁, 淚出不止, 暴寒目瞞, 皆火熱之所爲也. 治火之法, 在藥則醎寒吐之ㆍ下之; 在鍼則神庭ㆍ上星ㆍ顖會ㆍ前頂ㆍ百會血之. 瞖者可使立退, 痛者可使立已, 昧者可使立明, 腫者可使立消矣. 《子和》

Translation영역
Unless it is because of fire the eye does not fall ill. How is this said? The white wheel turning red is fire overwhelming the lung; the flesh wheel red and swollen is fire overwhelming the spleen; the dark water and its spirit light screened over is fire overwhelming the liver and kidney; red vessels threading the eye is fire of itself at its height. One able to treat fire has it all in a phrase. So the Neijing says: when heat prevails there is swelling. Whenever the eye is suddenly red and swollen, shrinking from light, with a hidden roughness and tears that will not stop, or suddenly chilled and the eye clouded — all of it is the work of fire and heat. The method of treating fire: in medicines, salty cold ones to make him vomit or to purge him; in needling, to let blood at Sinjeong, Sangseong, Sinhoe, Jeonjeong and Baekhoe. A screen can be made to withdraw at once, pain to cease at once, dimness to brighten at once, and swelling to dissolve at once.

Jahwa 子和

3.10.2
Source원문

大凡眼之爲患, 多生於熱. 治法以淸心凉肝ㆍ調血順氣爲先. 《直指》

Translation영역
On the whole the troubles of the eye arise mostly from heat. The method of treatment puts clearing the heart and cooling the liver, regulating the blood and smoothing the qi first.
Clinical note임상 주석
Jahwa's catalogue is the chapter's most quotable passage: each part of the eye turning red is fire overwhelming the viscus that owns it, and one able to treat fire has the whole subject in a phrase. The five scalp points he bleeds are all on the midline of the skull, and the four promises at the end — screen withdrawn, pain ceased, dimness brightened, swelling dissolved — are the confidence of a man who used them often.

Jikji 直指

3.11 The Causes of Eye Disease 眼病所因

3.11.1
Source원문

生食五辛. ○接熱飮食. ○刺頭出血多. ○極目遠視. ○夜讀細書. ○久處烟火. ○博奕不休. ○夜間讀書. ○飮酒不已. ○熱飡麪食. ○抄寫多年. ○雕鏤細作. ○泣淚過多. ○房室不節. ○數向日月輪看. ○月下讀書. ○夜視星月. ○極目瞻視山川草木, 皆喪明之由也. ○又有馳騁畋獵. ○冒涉風霜. ○迎風逐獸, 日夜不息, 皆傷目之由也. 《千金》

Translation영역
Eating the five pungent things raw. Taking food and drink while hot. Needling the head and letting much blood. Straining the eyes to look far. Reading fine print at night. Staying long in smoke and fire. Gambling without a break. Reading at night. Drinking without ceasing. Eating hot wheaten food. Copying for many years. Carving and engraving minute work. Weeping too much. Sexual activity without measure. Looking often at the discs of the sun and moon. Reading by moonlight. Watching the stars and moon at night. Straining the eyes to gaze at hills, rivers, grass and trees — all of these are ways of losing sight. And there is also galloping and hunting; braving wind and frost; facing into the wind to chase game day and night without rest — all of these are ways of damaging the eyes.

Cheongeum 千金

3.11.2
Source원문

眼病屬風熱與血少ㆍ神勞ㆍ腎虛. 《丹溪》

Translation영역
Eye disease belongs to wind heat, and to scant blood, taxed spirit and kidney vacuity.
Clinical note임상 주석
The Cheongeumbang's list is the best thing in the chapter to read aloud, and most of it is still true: reading fine print at night, years of copying, engraving minute work, smoke, and looking at the sun. Danggye's single line then sorts the whole list into four heads, and those four are what the chapter's formulas are arranged on.

Danggye 丹溪

3.12 The Internal Obstruction 內障

3.12.1
Source원문

內障者肝病也. 《回春》 ○內障在睛裏昏暗, 與不患之眼相似, 唯瞳人裏有隱隱靑白者; 無隱隱靑白者亦有之. 《綱目》

Translation영역
The internal obstruction is a disease of the liver. The internal obstruction lies within the eye as a dimness, and the eye looks like one that is not diseased, except that within the pupil there is a faint blue-white; though there are also cases with no faint blue-white at all.

Hoechun 回春 · Gangmok 綱目

3.12.2
Source원문

內障先患一眼, 次爲兩目俱損者, 皆有瞖在黑睛內遮瞳子而然. 夫通黑睛之脉者, 目系也; 目系屬足厥陰ㆍ足太陽ㆍ手少陰三經. 三經虛則邪從目系入黑睛內爲瞖. 以鍼言之, 則當取三經之兪穴, 如天柱ㆍ風府ㆍ大衝ㆍ通黑等穴是也. 《綱目》

Translation영역
In the internal obstruction one eye is affected first and then both are damaged, and this is always because there is a screen within the black of the eye veiling the pupil. The vessel that reaches the black of the eye is the eye's connecting vessel, and that belongs to three channels — the foot reverting yin, the foot greater yang and the hand lesser yin. When these three are vacuous the evil enters by the connecting vessel into the black of the eye and becomes a screen. Speaking of needling, one should take the transport points of the three channels, such as Cheonju, Pungbu, Taechung and Tonghyeok.

Gangmok 綱目

3.12.3
Source원문

內障者, 不疼不痛, 無淚無眵. 細觀如薄霧之形, 久視如輕烟之狀; 飛蠅散亂, 懸蟢虛空; 日漸月增, 腦脂下結於烏輪, 瞖障漸生於黑水. 《類聚》

Translation영역
In the internal obstruction there is neither ache nor pain, no tears and no discharge. Looked at closely it has the form of a thin mist; looked at long, the appearance of light smoke; flying midges scatter about, and spiders hang in the empty air. Day by day and month by month it increases: a fat from the brain settles below on the dark wheel, and an obstructing screen gradually breeds on the dark water.

Yuchwi 類聚

3.12.4
Source원문

內障昏蒙, 外無瞖膜, 因腦脂下凝, 烏珠轉白, 或如金色, 或菉豆色, 或如雲烟, 或見五色. 治比外障更難. 如腦脂凝結ㆍ瞳人反背者不治. 《入門》

Translation영역
The internal obstruction is dim and clouded with no screen or membrane outside; because a fat from the brain congeals below, the dark pearl turns white, or takes a gold colour, or a mung-bean colour, or looks like cloud and smoke, or shows five colours. It is harder to treat than the external obstruction. Where the brain fat has congealed and the pupil is turned away, it cannot be treated.

Immun 入門

3.12.5
Source원문

屬血少ㆍ神勞ㆍ腎虛也, 宜養血ㆍ補水ㆍ安神以調之. 《丹心》 ○凡昏弱不欲視物, 內障見黑花, 瞳子散大, 皆裏病也. 《丹心》

Translation영역
It belongs to scant blood, taxed spirit and kidney vacuity, and should be regulated by nourishing the blood, supplementing the water and settling the spirit. Whenever there is dimness and weakness with no wish to look at things, with black flowers seen in the internal obstruction and the pupil dilated, these are all interior disease.

Dansim 丹心

3.12.6
Source원문

內傷色慾ㆍ腎精虛者, 宜益陰腎氣丸; 肝血虛者, 養肝丸ㆍ生熟地黃丸; 肝腎俱虛者, 宜駐景元ㆍ加減駐景元ㆍ明目壯水丸. 《入門》

Translation영역
For one damaged within by sexual desire with the kidney essence vacuous, Igeum-singi-hwan; for liver blood vacuity, Yanggan-hwan or Saengsukjihwang-hwan; for liver and kidney both vacuous, Jujong-won, Gagam-jujong-won or Myeongmok-jangsu-hwan.

Immun 入門

3.12.7
Source원문

血少ㆍ神勞ㆍ腎虛, 宜滋陰地黃丸ㆍ滋腎明目湯.

Translation영역
For scant blood, taxed spirit and kidney vacuity, Jaeum-jihwang-hwan or Jasin-myeongmok-tang.

Donguibogam · An

3.12.8
Source원문

內障宜補肝散ㆍ墜瞖丸ㆍ羊肝元ㆍ本事方羊肝元ㆍ補腎丸ㆍ杞苓丸ㆍ五退散ㆍ密蒙花散ㆍ衝和養胃湯ㆍ當歸湯ㆍ還睛丸(方見通治)ㆍ撥雲退瞖還睛丸.

Translation영역
For the internal obstruction use Bogan-san, Chuye-hwan, Yanggan-won, Bonsabang-yanggan-won, Bosin-hwan, Giryeong-hwan, Otoe-san, Milmonghwa-san, Chunghwa-yangwi-tang, Danggui-tang, Hwanjeong-hwan (its formula is in the General Treatment section) or Balun-toeye-hwanjeong-hwan.

Donguibogam · An

3.12.9
Source원문

內障有圓瞖ㆍ氷瞖ㆍ滑瞖ㆍ澁瞖ㆍ散瞖ㆍ橫開瞖ㆍ浮瞖ㆍ沉瞖ㆍ偃月瞖ㆍ棗花瞖ㆍ黃心瞖ㆍ黑花瞖ㆍ胎患ㆍ五風變ㆍ雷頭風ㆍ驚振ㆍ綠風ㆍ烏風ㆍ黑風ㆍ靑風ㆍ肝虛雀目ㆍ高風雀目ㆍ肝虛目暗, 共二十三. 《得效》

Translation영역
The internal obstruction has the round screen, the ice screen, the slippery screen, the rough screen, the scattered screen, the crosswise-opening screen, the floating screen, the sunken screen, the half-moon screen, the jujube-flower screen, the yellow-hearted screen, the black-flower screen, the foetal affliction, the five-wind change, the thunder head wind, the fright shock, green wind, black wind, dark wind, blue wind, liver-vacuity sparrow eye, high-wind sparrow eye and liver-vacuity dim eye — twenty-three in all.
Clinical note임상 주석
The chapter's longest and most consequential section, and its description of cataract is the clearest in the pre-modern literature: no pain, no tears, no discharge, an eye that looks normal except for a faint blue-white behind the pupil, mist and then smoke and then flying midges, one eye first and the other after, and the dark pearl at last turning white. The explanation — a fat descending from the brain and congealing on the pupil — is wrong, but the observation is exact, and the colour grading from gold to mung-bean to white tracks a lens opacifying. The judgement at the end is the honest one: harder to treat than the external obstruction, and once the pupil is turned away, untreatable. Of the twenty-three named forms, four — green, black, dark and blue wind — are the glaucomas, and the chapter treats those as the acute emergencies they are.

Deukhyo 得效

3.13 The External Obstruction 外障

3.13.1
Source원문

外障者肺病也. 《回春》 ○在睛外遮暗. 《綱目》

Translation영역
The external obstruction is a disease of the lung. It lies outside the eye, veiling and darkening it.

Hoechun 回春 · Gangmok 綱目

3.13.2
Source원문

靈樞曰, 診目痛, 赤脉從上下者太陽病, 從下上者陽明病, 從外走內者少陽病.

Translation영역
The Lingshu says: in examining a painful eye, red vessels running from above downward are a greater yang disease, from below upward a yang brightness disease, and from the outside running inward a lesser yang disease.

Yeongchu 靈樞

3.13.3
Source원문

凡赤脉瞖初從上而下者, 屬太陽, 主表, 必眉稜骨痛, 或腦項痛, 或半邉頭腫痛. 治法宜溫之ㆍ散之: 溫則臘茶飮, 散則夏枯草散ㆍ選奇湯(方見頭部)之類.

Translation영역
Whenever a red-vessel screen first runs from above downward it belongs to the greater yang and governs the exterior, and there is sure to be pain in the brow ridge, or pain of the brain and nape, or swelling and pain of one side of the head. The method is to warm it and to disperse it: to warm, Napcha-eum; to disperse, Hagocho-san or Seongi-tang (its formula is in the Head chapter) and the like.

Gangmok 綱目

3.13.4
Source원문

赤脉瞖初從下而上者, 或從內眥出外者, 皆屬陽明, 主裏, 故其證多熱或便實. 治法宜下之ㆍ寒之: 下則明目流氣飮ㆍ錢氏瀉靑丸(方見五藏)ㆍ局方溫白元(方見積聚)加黃連ㆍ黃栢之類, 累用有驗; 寒則一味黃連ㆍ羊肝元之類.

Translation영역
A red-vessel screen that first runs from below upward, or comes out from the inner corner outward, belongs in both cases to the yang brightness and governs the interior, so the pattern is mostly heat, or the stool is bound. The method is to purge it and to cool it: to purge, Myeongmok-yugi-eum, Jeon's Sacheong-hwan (its formula is in the Five Viscera chapter), or the Gukbang's Onbaek-won (its formula is in the Accumulations chapter) with coptis and phellodendron added — I have used these repeatedly with effect; to cool, coptis alone, or Yanggan-won and the like.

Gangmok 綱目

3.13.5
Source원문

赤脉瞖初從外眥入內者, 爲少陽, 主半表半裏. 治法宜和解之, 神仙退雲丸之類. 《綱目》

Translation영역
A red-vessel screen that first runs in from the outer corner is the lesser yang and governs the half exterior and half interior. The method is to harmonize and resolve it, with Sinseon-toeun-hwan and the like.

Gangmok 綱目

3.13.6
Source원문

外障有肝藏積熱ㆍ混睛ㆍ努肉攀睛ㆍ兩瞼粘睛ㆍ膜入水輪ㆍ釘瞖根深ㆍ黑瞖如珠ㆍ花瞖白陷ㆍ水瑕深瞖ㆍ玉瞖浮滿ㆍ順逆生瞖ㆍ雞冠蜆肉ㆍ瞼生風粟ㆍ胞肉膠凝ㆍ漏睛膿出ㆍ蟹睛疼痛ㆍ突起睛高ㆍ風起喎偏ㆍ倒睫拳毛ㆍ風牽瞼出ㆍ神祟疼痛ㆍ旋螺尖起ㆍ鶻眼凝睛ㆍ轆轤轉關ㆍ被物撞打ㆍ撞刺生瞖ㆍ血灌瞳人ㆍ眯目飛塵飛絲ㆍ天行赤目ㆍ暴赤眼後生瞖ㆍ胎風赤爛ㆍ風赤瘡疾ㆍ衝風淚出ㆍ暴風客熱ㆍ瞼硬睛痛ㆍ痛如鍼刺ㆍ痒極難任ㆍ瞳人乾缺ㆍ黃膜上衝ㆍ赤膜下垂ㆍ小眥赤脉ㆍ偸鍼ㆍ小兒通睛ㆍ小兒胎中生贅ㆍ小兒靑盲. 《得效》

Translation영역
The external obstruction has heat accumulated in the liver viscus; the muddied eye; proud flesh creeping over the eye; both lids sticking to the eye; a membrane entering the water wheel; a nail screen with a deep root; a black screen like a pearl; a flower screen with a white hollow; a deep water-flaw screen; a jade screen floating and full; a screen breeding with and against the grain; cock's comb and clam flesh; wind millet breeding on the lid; the lid flesh glued together; the leaking eye with pus coming out; crab-eye pain; the eye starting out and standing high; wind arising with a twist to one side; inturned and curled lashes; wind dragging the lid outward; spirit-haunting pain; the spiral peak rising; the falcon eye with the gaze fixed; the windlass turning on its axle; being struck by an object; a screen breeding from a blow or a prick; blood flooding the pupil; dust or threads in the eye; epidemic red eye; a screen breeding after a sudden red eye; foetal wind with the lids red and raw; wind-red sore disease; tears running in the wind; sudden wind with visiting heat; the lid hard and the eye painful; pain as if needled; itching beyond bearing; the pupil dry and deficient; the yellow membrane rising upward; the red membrane hanging down; red vessels at the lesser corner; the stye; a child's crossed eye; a child's growth from the womb; and a child's blue blindness.
Clinical note임상 주석
The organizing device here is the one piece of pre-modern ophthalmology that still reads as method: the direction a vessel runs tells you the channel, and the channel tells you the treatment. Down from above is the greater yang and the exterior, so warm and disperse; up from below or out from the inner corner is the yang brightness and the interior, so purge and cool; in from the outer corner is the lesser yang and the half-and-half, so harmonize. Nothing in the chapter is more usable than that, and the Gangmok says plainly that he has used it repeatedly. The forty-five named forms that follow are the chapter's working nosology, and a good number of them — the stye, inturned lashes, the pterygium, the hypopyon, the perforation with the iris coming through — are named exactly.

Deukhyo 得效

3.14 Screens and Membranes 瞖膜

3.14.1
Source원문

瞖膜者, 風熱重則有之; 或癍痘後亦生瞖. 此肝氣盛而發在表也, 宜發散而去之. 若反疏利, 則邪氣內蓄爲瞖益深. 邪氣未定, 謂之熱瞖而浮; 邪氣已定, 謂之氷瞖而沉; 邪氣牢而深者, 謂之陷瞖. 當用焮發之物, 使其邪氣再動, 瞖膜乃浮, 佐之以退瞖之藥, 而能自去也. 病久者不能速效, 宜以歲月除之. 《綱目》

Translation영역
A screen and membrane is present where wind heat is severe, and a screen also breeds after macules and pox. This is the liver qi exuberant and breaking out at the exterior, and it should be removed by dispersing outward. If instead one frees and drains downward, the evil qi gathers within and the screen becomes deeper still. While the evil qi is not yet settled it is called a hot screen, and it floats; once the evil qi has settled it is called an ice screen, and it is sunken; and where the evil qi is firm and deep it is called a hollowed screen. One should use things that inflame and raise, so that the evil qi stirs again and the screen floats, assisted by medicines that push back the screen, and then it can go of itself. For a long-standing illness there can be no quick effect, and it should be removed over months and years.

Gangmok 綱目

3.14.2
Source원문

凡瞖起於肺家受熱, 輕則矇朧, 重則生瞖. 雖瞖自熱生, 然治法先退瞖而後退熱者, 謂熱極生瞖; 若先去赤熱, 則血爲之水而瞖不能去矣. 《直指》

Translation영역
Every screen arises from the lung receiving heat: mild, there is a blurring; severe, a screen breeds. Although the screen arises from heat, the method is to push back the screen first and only afterwards to take away the heat — for it is said that heat at its height breeds a screen, and if one first removes the red heat, the blood turns to water and the screen can no longer be got away.

Jikji 直指

3.14.3
Source원문

瞖膜輕重, 詳見內障. ○黑睛有瞖, 皆用知母ㆍ黃栢, 宜益本滋腎丸ㆍ明目地黃丸. 《丹心》

Translation영역
For the degrees of screen and membrane, see the Internal Obstruction section in detail. Where there is a screen on the black of the eye, anemarrhena and phellodendron are used in every case, and Ikbon-jasin-hwan or Myeongmok-jihwang-hwan should be given.

Dansim 丹心

3.14.4
Source원문

勞慾過度, 或凉藥過者, 以致九竅不利, 靑白瞖見大眥, 乃陽氣衰少也. 宜補陽湯連加益陰丸ㆍ菊睛元. 經曰, 益火之源以消陰瞖, 是也. 《東垣》

Translation영역
Where taxation and desire have gone beyond measure, or cooling medicines have been given to excess, so that the nine orifices do not work freely and a blue-white screen appears at the greater corner, this is the yang qi declining and scant. Boyang-tang should be given with Yeonbaek-ikeum-hwan following, or Gukjeong-won. The classic says: boost the source of fire so as to dissolve a yin screen — this is it.

Dongwon 東垣

3.14.5
Source원문

新瞖所生, 宜表散, 羌活退瞖湯; 血虛有熱, 宜神仙退雲丸. 若氷瞖久不去, 宜羚羊角散; 欲焮發陷瞖, 亦羚羊角散, 兼服神仙退雲丸. 《綱目》

Translation영역
For a newly bred screen, disperse at the exterior with Ganghwal-toeye-tang; for blood vacuity with heat, Sinseon-toeun-hwan. If an ice screen has long failed to go, Yeongyanggak-san; and to inflame and raise a hollowed screen, Yeongyanggak-san again, taken together with Sinseon-toeun-hwan.

Gangmok 綱目

3.14.6
Source원문

因眼病漸生瞖膜, 宜決明元ㆍ蟬花散ㆍ菊花散ㆍ地黃散.

Translation영역
Where an eye disease has gradually bred a screen and membrane, Gyeolmyeong-won, Seonhwa-san, Gukhwa-san or Jihwang-san.

Donguibogam · An

3.14.8
Source원문

膚瞖者, 眼睛上有物如蠅翅者是也. 烏賊魚骨ㆍ龍腦 各一錢, 爲細末, 日點三四度, 妙. 《類聚》

Translation영역
The skin screen is a thing on the eye like a fly's wing. Cuttlebone and borneol 1 don each, ground to a fine powder and dotted on three or four times a day — excellent.
Clinical note임상 주석
The Gangmok's three-stage grading is the section's real content and is a clinical sequence rather than a theory: a hot screen while the evil is unsettled, floating; an ice screen once it has settled, sunken; a hollowed screen when it is firm and deep. That tracks an acute infiltrate, a settled scar and a stromal excavation, and the treatment follows the stage. The Jikji's warning is the one most worth keeping — take the screen first and the heat after, because clearing the redness first leaves the opacity fixed — and the closing admission, that a long-standing screen must be removed over months and years, is the chapter at its most honest.

Yuchwi 類聚

3.15 Flowers Before the Eyes 眼花

3.15.1
Source원문

眼見黑花, 乃肝腎俱虛也. 《局方》 ○上虛屬肝虛, 必頭暈ㆍ目眩ㆍ耳聾; 下虛屬腎虛, 必眼花ㆍ睛痛ㆍ耳鳴. 《入門》

Translation영역
Black flowers seen before the eyes are the liver and the kidney both vacuous. Vacuity above belongs to liver vacuity, and there will be dizziness of the head, swimming of the vision and deafness; vacuity below belongs to kidney vacuity, and there will be flowers before the eyes, pain in the eyeball and ringing in the ears.

Gukbang 局方 · Immun 入門

3.15.2
Source원문

昏花者, 傷氣; 昏暗者, 傷血. 熱證亦有羞明怕日, 但內虛者全不敢近陽光. 《入門》

Translation영역
A blurring with flowers is damage to the qi; a dimming into darkness is damage to the blood. A heat pattern also has shrinking from the light and dread of the sun, but one vacuous within dares not come near the sunlight at all.

Immun 入門

3.15.3
Source원문

黑花者, 腎虛也; 五色花, 爲腎虛客熱也; 靑花, 膽虛也; 紅花, 火盛也; 散杳者, 瞳人散大, 視物杳冥也. 《入門》

Translation영역
Black flowers are kidney vacuity; flowers of the five colours are kidney vacuity with visiting heat; blue-green flowers are gallbladder vacuity; red flowers are fire exuberant; and the scattered-and-dim is the pupil scattered wide, so that things are seen as through a darkness.

Immun 入門

3.15.4
Source원문

陽主散, 陽虛則眼楞急而爲倒睫拳毛; 陰主歛, 陰虛不歛則瞳子散大而爲目昏眼花. 《東垣》

Translation영역
The yang governs scattering, so when the yang is vacuous the lid margin draws tight and there are inturned, curled lashes; the yin governs gathering in, so when the yin is vacuous and does not gather, the pupil scatters wide and there is dimness of vision with flowers before the eyes.

Dongwon 東垣

3.15.5
Source원문

或見飛蠅散亂ㆍ懸蟢虛空, 皆內障腎虛之證也. 《類聚》

Translation영역
Seeing flies scattering in disorder, or a spider hanging in empty air, is in every case a sign of internal obstruction with kidney vacuity.

Yuchwi 類聚

3.15.6
Source원문

腎主骨, 骨之精爲瞳子. 瞳子散大者, 因腎水虛ㆍ骨枯而心包絡之火得以乘之也. 治法宜苦ㆍ宜酸ㆍ宜凉, 大忌辛熱之物. 除風熱ㆍ凉血益血, 以收耗散之氣, 滋陰地黃丸最妙. 《方見上ㆍ東垣》

Translation영역
The kidney governs the bones, and the essence of the bones becomes the pupil. The pupil scattering wide is because the kidney water is vacuous and the bone withered, so that the fire of the heart enclosing network can take advantage of it. The method calls for bitter, for sour and for cooling, and things acrid and hot are greatly to be avoided. To remove wind heat, cool the blood and boost the blood, and so gather in the qi that has been squandered and scattered, Jaeum-jihwang-hwan is best of all.

Dongwon 東垣

3.15.7
Source원문

眼花宜服熟地黃丸ㆍ三花五子丸ㆍ還睛丸ㆍ椒目丸ㆍ駐景元(方見上)ㆍ補腎丸(方見上)ㆍ醫鑑還睛丸(方見下)ㆍ益本滋腎丸(方見上)ㆍ明目壯水丸(方見上), 點服五膽膏.

Translation영역
For flowers before the eyes, give Sukjihwang-hwan, Samhwa-oja-hwan, Hwanjeong-hwan, Chomok-hwan, Jujong-won, Bosin-hwan, the Uigam's Hwanjeong-hwan, Ikbon-jasin-hwan or Myeongmok-jangsu-hwan, with Odam-go both dotted on and taken.
Clinical note임상 주석
The section is the chapter's catalogue of entoptic phenomena, and it reads more precisely than one expects: black floaters, flies scattering in disorder, a spider hanging in empty air. Those are vitreous floaters described by someone who had listened carefully to patients, and the Yuchwi is right that they go with the beginnings of an internal obstruction. The colour scheme that assigns black to the kidney and blue-green to the gallbladder is doctrine rather than observation, but Dongwon's note is worth keeping for its symmetry — yang failing to scatter tightens the lid into entropion, yin failing to gather lets the pupil dilate — and a fixed dilated pupil with dim vision is a real and serious sign. The Immun's distinction in the second entry is the practical one: flowers mean the qi, a dimming means the blood, and photophobia so complete that the patient will not face the sun at all is vacuity rather than heat.

Donguibogam · An

3.16 Pain in the Eye 眼疼

3.16.1
Source원문

目疼有二: 一謂目眥白眼疼, 二謂目珠黑眼疼也. 目眥白眼疼屬陽, 故晝則疼甚, 點苦寒藥則效, 經所謂白眼赤脉法於陽故也. 目珠黑眼疼屬陰, 故夜則疼甚, 點苦寒藥則反劇, 經所謂瞳子黑眼法於陰故也. 《綱目》

Translation영역
Pain in the eye is of two kinds: the first is pain of the corners and the white of the eye, the second pain of the eyeball and the black of the eye. Pain of the corners and the white belongs to the yang, so the pain is worse by day and dotting on bitter cold medicines is effective — for the classic says that the white of the eye and the red vessels take their pattern from the yang. Pain of the eyeball and the black belongs to the yin, so the pain is worse by night and dotting on bitter cold medicines makes it fiercer instead — for the classic says that the pupil and the black of the eye take their pattern from the yin.

Gangmok 綱目

3.16.2
Source원문

一人目珠疼, 連眉稜ㆍ額角皆痛, 遇夜則甚, 點苦寒藥則反甚, 諸藥不效. 灸厥陰ㆍ少陽則痛止, 半月復作. 遂以夏枯草散茶淸調下, 初服疼減太半, 四五日良愈, 後試亦驗. 《綱目》

Translation영역
A man had pain in the eyeball running on to the brow ridge and the corner of the forehead, all of it painful, worse when night came; dotting on bitter cold medicines made it worse instead, and no medicine answered. Moxa at the reverting yin and the lesser yang stopped the pain, but it returned in a fortnight. He was then given Hagocho-san stirred into clear tea: at the first dose the pain was more than half reduced, in four or five days it was well healed, and it has proved itself on later trial too.

Gangmok 綱目

3.16.3
Source원문

目赤而痛者, 肝實熱也. 《回春》

Translation영역
Where the eye is red and painful, it is repletion heat of the liver.

Hoechun 回春

3.16.4
Source원문

睛疼難忍, 當歸ㆍ防風ㆍ細辛ㆍ薄荷 等分爲末, 每二錢, 麥門冬湯調下, 日三. 《本事》

Translation영역
For pain of the eyeball hard to bear: tangkuei, saposhnikovia, asarum and mint in equal parts, powdered; 2 don each time, stirred into a decoction of ophiopogon, three times a day.

Bonsa 本事

3.16.5
Source원문

黑睛疼, 知母ㆍ黃栢瀉腎火, 當歸養陰水. 《丹心》

Translation영역
For pain of the black of the eye, anemarrhena and phellodendron drain the kidney fire and tangkuei nourishes the yin water.

Dansim 丹心

3.16.6
Source원문

目赤痛, 脉實ㆍ大便秘者, 以瀉靑丸(方見五藏)ㆍ洗肝散(方見五藏)微利之卽愈, 或救苦湯. 《入門》

Translation영역
Where the eye is red and painful, the pulse replete and the stool bound, freeing it slightly with Sacheong-hwan or Segan-san heals it at once; or Gugo-tang.

Immun 入門

3.16.7
Source원문

湯火傷眼腫痛, 不可用冷藥點之, 以五行湯溫洗, 地黃膏付之. 《方見上ㆍ入門》

Translation영역
Where boiling water or fire has injured the eye with swelling and pain, cold medicines must not be dotted on; wash it warm with Ohaeng-tang and apply Jihwang-go.

Immun 入門

3.16.8
Source원문

若讀書鍼刺過度而眼痛, 名曰肝勞, 但須閉目調護. 《入門》

Translation영역
If the eye is painful from reading or needlework carried to excess, it is called liver taxation, and nothing is wanted but to close the eyes and nurse them.
Clinical note임상 주석
The Gangmok's division is the best piece of differential reasoning in the chapter and it survives translation into modern terms almost intact. Pain in the white, worse by day, relieved by cold drops is surface disease — conjunctival and episcleral; pain in the globe itself, worse at night, made worse by cold drops is deep disease, and the ciliary and scleral pains do behave that way. The case that follows is a ciliary neuralgia or a scleritis radiating into the brow, unhelped by topical treatment and answered by Prunella internally. The warning about thermal burns — never cold drops, wash warm — runs against instinct and against modern first aid, which irrigates copiously and does not insist on warmth. Liver taxation is eye strain, and the prescription for it is rest.

Immun 入門

3.17 Dim Vision 眼昏

3.17.1
Source원문

五藏精明聚於目, 目精全則目明. 《得效》 ○夫精明者, 所以視萬物ㆍ別白黑ㆍ審長短. 以長爲短, 以白爲黑, 如是則精衰矣. 《內經》

Translation영역
The essence-brightness of the five viscera gathers in the eye, and when the essence of the eye is whole the eye sees clearly. Now the essence-brightness is that by which one sees the ten thousand things, distinguishes white from black and judges long from short. To take the long for the short and the white for the black — when it is so, the essence has declined.

Deukhyo 得效 · Naegyeong 內經

3.17.2
Source원문

足少陰之脉病, 目䀮䀮無所見. 《靈樞》 ○肝虛則目䀮䀮無所見. 《內經》

Translation영역
When the vessel of the foot lesser yin is diseased, the eyes are clouded and see nothing. When the liver is vacuous, the eyes are clouded and see nothing.

Yeongchu 靈樞 · Naegyeong 內經

3.17.3
Source원문

靈樞曰, 氣脫者目不明; 難經曰, 脫陰者目盲. 夫陰陽合傳而爲精明, 氣血不足則目昏. ○視物不明ㆍ見黑花者, 腎氣弱也. 《保命》

Translation영역
The Lingshu says: where the qi has collapsed, the eye does not see clearly. The Nanjing says: where the yin has collapsed, the eye is blind. Now yin and yang together are handed on to become the essence-brightness, and when qi and blood are insufficient the eye is dim. Seeing things unclearly and seeing black flowers is the kidney qi weak.

Bomyeong 保命

3.17.4
Source원문

目昧不明, 熱也. 然玄府者, 無物不有. 人之藏府ㆍ皮毛ㆍ肌肉ㆍ筋膜ㆍ骨髓ㆍ爪牙, 盡皆有之, 乃氣出入升降之道路門戶也. 有所閉塞不能爲用者, 悉由熱氣怫欎, 玄府閉密而致氣液ㆍ血脉ㆍ榮衛ㆍ精神不能升降出入故也. 各隨欎結微甚而爲病之輕重, 故知熱欎於目則無所見也. 或目昏而見黑花者, 由熱氣甚而發之於目也. 《河間》

Translation영역
A clouded eye that does not see clearly is heat. Now the dark palaces are in everything: in a person's viscera and bowels, skin and hair, flesh, sinew membranes, bone marrow, nails and teeth — in all of them — for they are the roads and gateways by which qi goes out and in, ascends and descends. Where something is shut and blocked so that it cannot serve, it is in every case because hot qi has become pent and depressed and the dark palaces have closed tight, so that fluids and qi, the blood vessels, the construction and defence, and the essence-spirit cannot ascend, descend, go out or come in. Each is a light or a heavy disease according as the depression is slight or severe; so one knows that when heat is pent in the eye, nothing is seen. And where the eye is dim and black flowers are seen, it is because hot qi is severe and breaks out in the eye.

Hagan 河間

3.17.5
Source원문

目昏者, 熱甚也. 傷寒熱極則目盲不識人; 目微昏者, 至近則轉難辨物, 或如隔簾視, 或視如蠅翅, 或見黑花, 皆目之玄府閉密而榮衛精神不能升降故也. 《入門》

Translation영역
A dim eye is heat at its height. In cold damage, when the heat is extreme the eye is blind and does not know people; where the eye is slightly dim, things become harder to make out the nearer they come, or it is like looking through a blind, or like seeing through a fly's wing, or black flowers are seen — all because the dark palaces of the eye have closed tight and the construction, the defence and the essence-spirit cannot ascend or descend.

Immun 入門

3.17.6
Source원문

凡人目暴不見物, 皆是氣脫, 用人參膏(方見氣門)以補之, 血藥以行之. 《丹心》

Translation영역
Whenever a person's eye suddenly sees nothing, it is in every case collapse of the qi: supplement it with Insam-go and move it with blood medicines.

Dansim 丹心

3.17.7
Source원문

久病昏暗者, 腎藏眞陰之虛也. 《回春》

Translation영역
Dimness and darkness in a long illness is vacuity of the true yin of the kidney viscus.

Hoechun 回春

3.17.8
Source원문

眼昏宜駐景元ㆍ加減駐景元(方並見上)ㆍ滋陰地黃元(方見上)ㆍ加味磁朱丸ㆍ四物五子元ㆍ蔓菁子丸ㆍ還睛丸(方見下). ○傷寒熱病後目昏, 或生瞖膜, 宜服石決明散(方見上), 點春雪膏(方見下). ○婦人眼昏, 宜服抑靑明目湯.

Translation영역
For a dim eye, Jujong-won, Gagam-jujong-won, Jaeum-jihwang-won, Gami-jaju-hwan, Samul-oja-won, Mancheongja-hwan or Hwanjeong-hwan. Where the eye is dim after cold damage or a heat disease, or a screen and membrane has bred, give Seokgyeolmyeong-san and dot on Chunseol-go. For a woman's dim eye, give Eokcheong-myeongmok-tang.
Clinical note임상 주석
Hejian's dark-palace passage is the most ambitious piece of physiology in the chapter and deserves to be read as the argument it is: every tissue has microscopic gateways through which qi and fluid pass, disease is these gateways closing, and pent heat is what closes them. It is a theory of obstruction at the smallest scale, offered three centuries before anyone could see a capillary, and it is applied here to explain why heat should cause blindness rather than redness. The Immun's list of what slight dimness is like — harder to make out the nearer it comes, as through a blind, as through a fly's wing — is a careful clinical description, and reduced near vision with veiling is what cataract and vitreous opacity actually produce. The blindness of extreme heat in cold damage is the encephalitic or meningitic blindness of a severe febrile illness.

Donguibogam · An

3.18 Dim Vision in the Old 老人眼昏

3.18.1
Source원문

人年老而目昏者, 血氣衰而肝葉薄, 膽汁減而目乃昏矣. 《脉訣》

Translation영역
When a person is old and the eye is dim, it is that the blood and qi have declined and the lobes of the liver are thin, the gallbladder's fluid is diminished, and so the eye is dim.

Maekgyeol 脉訣

3.18.2
Source원문

童子水在上, 故視明瞭; 老人火在上, 故視昏睡. 《入門》

Translation영역
In a child the water is above, so the sight is bright and clear; in an old person the fire is above, so the sight is dim and drowsy.

Immun 入門

3.18.3
Source원문

老人眼昏, 宜還睛丸(方見通治)ㆍ夜光育神丸ㆍ明眼地黃丸ㆍ滋陰地黃丸(方見上)ㆍ呂仙翁方. 勞傷昏暗, 宜益氣聦明湯.

Translation영역
For a dim eye in the old, Hwanjeong-hwan, Yagwang-yuksin-hwan, Myeongan-jihwang-hwan, Jaeum-jihwang-hwan or Yeo Seonong's formula. For dimness and darkness from taxation damage, Ikgi-chongmyeong-tang.
Clinical note임상 주석
Two explanations of presbyopia and the senile cataract, neither anatomical in the modern sense but both locating the change in a decline rather than a disease: the Maekgyeol in the thinning of the liver and the lessening of bile, the Immun in the fire having risen to the place where water used to be. The treatments are all enriching, and the last of them, Ikgi-chongmyeong-tang, is the formula this chapter gives for the eyes and ears failing together in the old — the only such formula in the book, and a reasonable one.

Donguibogam · An

3.19 Unable to See Far and Unable to See Near 不能遠視不能近視

3.19.1
Source원문

能遠視不能近視者, 陽氣有餘ㆍ陰氣不足也, 乃血虛氣盛. 氣盛者, 火有餘也. 能近視不能遠視者, 陽氣不足ㆍ陰氣有餘, 乃氣虛血盛也. 血盛者, 陰火有餘也; 氣虛者, 元氣衰弱也. 此老人桑楡之象也. 《東垣》

Translation영역
One who can see far but not near has yang qi in surplus and yin qi insufficient — it is blood vacuity with qi exuberant, and qi exuberant means fire in surplus. One who can see near but not far has yang qi insufficient and yin qi in surplus — it is qi vacuity with blood exuberant; blood exuberant means yin fire in surplus, and qi vacuous means the original qi declined and weak. This is the old man's image of the mulberry and the elm at sunset.

Dongwon 東垣

3.19.2
Source원문

目能遠視, 責其有火; 不能近視, 責其無水. 法當補腎, 宜服地芝丸, 或六味地黃丸(方見虛勞)加牡蠣. 《海藏》

Translation영역
That the eye can see far is to be charged to its having fire; that it cannot see near is to be charged to its having no water. The method is to supplement the kidney: give Jiji-hwan, or Yukmi-jihwang-hwan with oyster shell added.

Haejang 海藏

3.19.3
Source원문

目能近視, 責其有水; 不能遠視, 責其無火. 法當補心, 宜定志丸(方見神門)加茯苓. 《海藏》

Translation영역
That the eye can see near is to be charged to its having water; that it cannot see far is to be charged to its having no fire. The method is to supplement the heart: give Jeongji-hwan with poria added.

Haejang 海藏

3.19.4
Source원문

不能近視, 晨服地黃元; 不能遠視, 卧服定志丸. 《東垣》

Translation영역
For inability to see near, take Jihwang-won in the morning; for inability to see far, take Jeongji-hwan on lying down.
Clinical note임상 주석
This is presbyopia and myopia set out as a matched pair, and the pairing is exact: far but not near is the old eye, near but not far the young short-sighted one. The attributions run the way one would expect from the chapter's physiology — the old eye wants water, the short-sighted eye wants fire — and Dongwon's phrase for presbyopia, the image of mulberry and elm at sunset, is the kindest name any tradition has given it. The dosing instruction in the last entry is characteristic of the eye chapter at its most careful: the water-supplementing pill in the morning and the fire-supplementing pill at bedtime, matched to the time of day when each need is greatest. None of it corrects refraction, and the tradition had no lens to offer; what it had was a taxonomy that got the two conditions the right way round.

Dongwon 東垣

3.20 The Eye Cannot Open or Close 目不得開合

3.20.1
Source원문

足太陽之筋爲目上綱, 足陽明之筋爲目下綱. 熱則筋縱, 目不開. 《綱目》

Translation영역
The sinew of the foot greater yang makes the upper net of the eye, and the sinew of the foot yang brightness the lower net. When there is heat the sinew slackens and the eye does not open.

Gangmok 綱目

3.20.2
Source원문

眼不得開, 羞明怕日, 乃風熱牽閉所致. 芎芷香蘇散(方見寒門)加前胡ㆍ連鬚葱白三莖, 煎服. 《得效》

Translation영역
Where the eye cannot be opened, with shrinking from the light and dread of the sun, it is brought about by wind heat dragging it shut. Gungji-hyangso-san with peucedanum and three stalks of scallion white with the roots on, decocted and taken.

Deukhyo 得效

3.20.3
Source원문

一乳婦因大恐, 目張不得瞑. 公煮郁李仁酒飮之, 使醉則愈. 所以然者, 目系肝膽, 恐則氣結, 膽橫不下. 惟郁李仁去結, 隨酒入膽, 結去膽下, 則目能瞑矣. 《入門》

Translation영역
A nursing woman, after a great fright, had her eyes wide open and could not shut them. He boiled bush-cherry kernel in wine and made her drink it, and when she was drunk she was healed. The reason is this: the eye is tied to the liver and gallbladder, fright makes the qi bind, and the gallbladder lies athwart and does not come down. Only bush-cherry kernel removes a binding, and following the wine it entered the gallbladder; the binding gone and the gallbladder come down, the eye could close.

Immun 入門

3.20.4
Source원문

上氣不足, 目爲之瞑. 《靈樞》

Translation영역
When the qi above is insufficient, the eye closes of itself.
Clinical note임상 주석
The sinews of the greater yang and the yang brightness as the upper and lower nets of the eye is a tidy and not inaccurate account of the levator and orbital musculature, and heat slackening the sinew so that the lid will not lift describes a ptosis. The case in the third entry is the memorable one — a lid retraction after a severe fright, treated by getting the patient drunk on bush-cherry kernel in wine — and whatever one makes of the gallbladder lying athwart, the sedation would have worked.

Yeongchu 靈樞

3.21 Discharge Breeding in the Eye 眼生眵糞

3.21.1
Source원문

凡眼有血紅, 或有紅絲及生糞, 此是熱眼, 宜服經效散. 《方見上ㆍ得效》

Translation영역
Whenever the eye has blood-red in it, or red threads, and discharge breeds, this is a hot eye, and Gyeonghyo-san should be given.

Deukhyo 得效

3.21.2
Source원문

眵多結硬者, 肺實也; 眵稀不結者, 肺虛也. 《回春》

Translation영역
Where the discharge is copious and sets hard, the lung is replete; where the discharge is thin and does not set, the lung is vacuous.

Hoechun 回春

3.21.3
Source원문

凡眼疾痛不生糞, 此元氣憊ㆍ腎經虛, 夜間小便二三次, 耗傷陽氣, 致生內障; 或腦脂流下, 或瞳人開大, 此皆腎憊黑水散也. 宜服八味丸(方見虛勞), 或十全大補湯加枸杞子ㆍ甘菊. 《方見虛勞ㆍ得效方》

Translation영역
Whenever an eye ailment is painful and no discharge breeds, this is the original qi worn out and the kidney channel vacuous: passing water two or three times in the night wastes and injures the yang qi and brings on an internal obstruction; or the brain fat flows down, or the pupil opens wide — all of these being the kidney worn out and the black water scattered. Palmi-hwan should be given, or Sipjeon-daebo-tang with lycium fruit and chrysanthemum added.
Clinical note임상 주석
A short section organized around one good observation: a painful eye that produces no discharge is not an infection. The Hoechun's reading of the discharge itself — copious and crusting for repletion, thin and unsetting for vacuity — is the distinction between a bacterial and a viral or allergic conjunctivitis, arrived at from the material rather than the microbe. The third entry links nocturia to cataract through a shared vacuity of the kidney, which is not a causal chain anyone would defend now, though old men who get up at night do also get cataracts. The brain fat flowing down is the chapter's standing image for the lens clouding.

Deukhyobang 得效方

3.22 Seeing One Thing as Two 視一物爲兩

3.22.1
Source원문

有人視一物爲兩, 醫作肝氣盛, 服瀉肝藥不驗. 予記靈樞云, 目之系上屬於腦, 後出於項中, 邪中其精, 精散則視歧, 故見兩物. 令服驅風入腦藥得愈, 宜驅風一字散(方見上)ㆍ保肝散. 《本事》

Translation영역
There was a man who saw one thing as two. The physician took it for liver qi exuberant, and medicines to drain the liver had no effect. I recalled that the Lingshu says: the tie of the eye runs up to the brain and comes out behind in the nape; when evil strikes its essence the essence scatters and the sight forks, and so two things are seen. I had him take a medicine that drives wind from the brain and he was healed: Gupung-iljja-san or Bogan-san.

Bonsa 本事

3.22.2
Source원문

昏暗不能遠視, 看一成二成三, 屬肝腎虛, 宜腎氣丸(方見虛勞)ㆍ地芝丸. 《方見上ㆍ入門》

Translation영역
Dimness and darkness with inability to see far, one thing looking like two or three, belongs to liver and kidney vacuity; Singi-hwan or Jiji-hwan.
Clinical note임상 주석
The best passage in the chapter, and the only one where a physician explicitly abandons the standing doctrine because it did not work. Draining the liver failed, so he went back to the Lingshu and found the anatomy — the optic tract running up to the brain and out behind in the nape — and reasoned that diplopia must be a lesion along that path rather than a disorder of the liver. That is correct: binocular diplopia is a nerve or muscle problem, not an ocular one. The second entry is a different thing, the monocular polyopia of a cataract, and the tradition does not distinguish the two — but it put them in the same section, which is more than nothing.

Immun 入門

3.23 Reading Injures the Eyes 讀書損目

3.23.1
Source원문

內經曰, 目得血而能視, 然久視傷血, 亦能損目. 《綱目》

Translation영역
The Neijing says the eye gets blood and so can see; yet long looking injures the blood, and this too can injure the eye.

Gangmok 綱目

3.23.2
Source원문

久視傷血, 血主肝, 故勤書則傷肝. 肝傷則自生風熱, 熱氣上騰, 致目昏. 不可專服補藥, 宜服益血ㆍ鎭肝ㆍ明目藥自愈, 宜服地黃元. 《綱目》

Translation영역
Long looking injures the blood, and the blood is governed by the liver, so diligence at books injures the liver. When the liver is injured it breeds wind heat of itself, the hot qi rises, and dimness of the eye follows. One must not take supplementing medicines alone; give medicines that boost the blood, settle the liver and brighten the eye and it heals of itself — Jihwang-won.

Gangmok 綱目

3.23.3
Source원문

讀書之苦傷肝損目. 晋范寗目疾, 就張湛求方. 湛戱曰: 損讀書一, 減思慮二, 專內視三, 簡外觀四, 宜起晩五, 宜早眠六. 凡六物, 熬以神火, 下以氣篩, 蘊於胷中七日, 然後納諸方寸. 修之一年, 近能數其目睫, 遠視尺箠之餘; 長明不已, 洞見墻壁之外矣. 雖是朝戱, 亦奇方也. 《本事》

Translation영역
The hardship of reading injures the liver and damages the eyes. Fan Ning of the Jin, having an eye ailment, went to Zhang Zhan to ask for a formula. Zhan said in jest: cut down reading, one; reduce brooding, two; look wholly inward, three; simplify looking outward, four; rise late, five; sleep early, six. These six things: parch them over a spirit fire, sift them down through a qi sieve, store them in the breast for seven days, and then put them in the square inch of the heart. Practise it for a year and you will be able to count your own lashes near at hand and to see beyond a foot-rule far off; keep the brightness up and you will see clear through a wall. A mockery it may be, but it is also a marvellous formula.

Bonsa 本事

3.23.4
Source원문

古人云, 讀書之苦傷肝損目, 誠然. 其讀書ㆍ博奕等過度患目者, 名曰肝勞. 若欲治之, 非三年閉目不視則不可得差; 徒自瀉肝及諸治, 終是無效. 《資生》

Translation영역
The ancients said that the hardship of reading injures the liver and damages the eyes, and it is true. Those who suffer in the eyes from reading, chess and the like carried to excess are said to have liver taxation. If one would treat it, there is no cure short of three years with the eyes closed and not looking; merely draining the liver and the other treatments come to nothing in the end.

Jasaeng 資生

3.23.5
Source원문

讀書鍼刺過度而眼痛, 名曰肝勞, 但須閉目調護. 《入門》

Translation영역
Where the eye is painful from reading or needlework carried to excess, it is called liver taxation, and nothing is wanted but to close the eyes and nurse them.
Clinical note임상 주석
Eye strain named, described and treated by rest, which is still the treatment. Zhang Zhan's prescription is a joke whose six ingredients are all behavioural — read less, brood less, look inward, simplify what you look at, rise late, sleep early — compounded in the pharmacist's idiom and swallowed into the heart, and the Bonsa's comment that a mockery may also be a marvellous formula is the most likeable sentence in the chapter. The Jasaeng's three years with the eyes closed is the same counsel without the humour, and its judgement that draining the liver comes to nothing is an unusually blunt admission that the pharmacy has nothing for this.

Immun 入門

3.24 Weeping Loses the Sight 哭泣喪明

3.24.1
Source원문

黃帝問曰: 人之哀而涕泣者, 何氣使然? 歧伯對曰: 心者, 五藏六府之主也; 目者, 宗脉之所聚也, 上液之道也; 口鼻者, 氣之門戶也. 故悲哀愁憂則心動, 心動則五藏六府皆揺, 揺則宗脉感, 宗脉感則液道開, 液道開故涕泣出焉. 液者, 所以灌精濡空竅者也, 故上液之道開則泣不止, 泣不止則液竭, 液竭則精不灌, 精不灌則目無所見矣. 命曰奪精. 《靈樞》

Translation영역
The Yellow Emperor asked: when a person grieves and weeps, what qi brings it about? Qi Bo answered: the heart is the ruler of the five viscera and six bowels; the eye is where the ancestral vessels gather and is the road of the upper fluid; the mouth and nose are the gateways of the qi. So sorrow, grief, care and worry stir the heart; when the heart stirs the five viscera and six bowels all shake; when they shake the ancestral vessels are affected; when the ancestral vessels are affected the fluid road opens; and because the fluid road is open, tears and weeping come out. Fluid is that which waters the essence and moistens the empty orifices, so when the road of the upper fluid is open the weeping does not stop; when the weeping does not stop the fluid is exhausted; when the fluid is exhausted the essence is not watered; and when the essence is not watered the eye sees nothing. It is called the robbing of the essence.
Clinical note임상 주석
A whole section given to one dialogue, and it is a physiology of grief: the heart stirs, the viscera shake, the ancestral vessels are affected, the fluid road opens, and the tears that come out are the same fluid that was watering the eye. Weeping that does not stop therefore drains the eye of what it lives on, and the name for the end of it — the robbing of the essence — is the tradition's term for the blindness of unrelieved mourning. Nothing in it is anatomically true, and the connection it draws is not: grief does not blind. But it is one of the few places in the book where a visual symptom is traced entirely to an emotion, and the chain is set out with enough care that one can see exactly where it goes wrong.

Yeongchu 靈樞

3.25 Eye Disease Must Be Divided by Exterior and Interior, Vacuity and Repletion 眼病當分表裏虛實

3.25.1
Source원문

眼之爲病, 在府則爲表, 當除風散熱; 在藏則爲裏, 當養血安神. 《保命》

Translation영역
As to the eye becoming diseased: when it is in the bowels it is the exterior, and one should remove wind and disperse heat; when it is in the viscera it is the interior, and one should nourish the blood and quiet the spirit.

Bomyeong 保命

3.25.2
Source원문

如暴失明ㆍ昏澁ㆍ瞖膜ㆍ眵淚, 皆表也, 宜表散以去之. 如昏暗不欲視物ㆍ內障見黑花ㆍ瞳散, 皆裏也, 宜養血ㆍ補水ㆍ安神以調之. 《入門》

Translation영역
Sudden loss of sight, blurring and grittiness, screens and membranes, discharge and tearing are all the exterior, and should be removed by dispersing at the exterior. Dimness with no wish to look at things, internal obstruction with black flowers seen, and a scattered pupil are all the interior, and should be regulated by nourishing the blood, supplementing the water and quieting the spirit.

Immun 入門

3.25.3
Source원문

聖人雖言目得血而能視, 然血亦有太過不及也. 太過則目壅塞而發痛, 不及則目耗竭而失明. 故年少之人多太過, 年老之人多不及, 不可不察也. 《子和》

Translation영역
Though the sages said that the eye gets blood and so can see, blood too may be in excess or in deficit. In excess, the eye is congested and blocked and pain breaks out; in deficit, the eye is wasted and exhausted and the sight is lost. So the young are mostly in excess and the old mostly in deficit, and this must be looked into.

Jahwa 子和

3.25.4
Source원문

眼疾所因, 不過虛實二者而已. 虛者, 眼目昏花, 腎經眞水之微也; 實者, 眼目腫痛, 肝經風熱之甚也. 實則散其風熱, 虛則滋其眞陰; 虛實相因則散熱滋陰兼之, 此內治之法也. 至於日久熱壅血凝而爲攀睛ㆍ瘀肉ㆍ瞖膜ㆍ赤爛之類, 不假點洗外治之法, 則何由而得痊乎? 《丹心》

Translation영역
What eye disease is caused by comes to no more than the two, vacuity and repletion. In vacuity the eye is dim with flowers, the true water of the kidney channel being scant; in repletion the eye is swollen and painful, the wind heat of the liver channel being severe. For repletion, disperse its wind heat; for vacuity, enrich its true yin; and where vacuity and repletion give rise to one another, disperse heat and enrich the yin together — this is the method of internal treatment. But when the days have run long and congested heat and congealed blood have made a pterygium, stagnant flesh, a screen and membrane, or redness and rawness, then without recourse to the external method of drops and washes, by what means is a cure to be got?
Clinical note임상 주석
The chapter's methodological section, and the clearest statement anywhere in it of how to proceed. Two axes: bowel or viscus, which is to say surface or depth; and vacuity or repletion. Everything acute, discharging and visible is exterior and gets dispersed; everything dim, inward and pupillary is interior and gets enriched. Jahwa's refinement is the one with real clinical weight — blood may be in excess as well as deficient, the young tend to the first and the old to the second — and it licenses opposite treatments for the same complaint at different ages. The Dansim closes with the admission that the internal method alone cannot answer a pterygium or a corneal scar, which is why the chapter's last third is given to drops and washes.

Dansim 丹心

3.26 Distinguishing Eye Disease Easy to Treat from Hard 眼病易治難治辨

3.26.1
Source원문

外障易治, 內障難治. ○暴發者爲表, 易治; 久病者爲裏, 難治. 《保命》

Translation영역
The external obstruction is easy to treat and the internal obstruction hard. What breaks out suddenly is the exterior and easy to treat; a long illness is the interior and hard to treat.

Bomyeong 保命

3.26.2
Source원문

眞珠瞖狀如碎米者, 易散; 梅花瞖狀如梅花葉者, 難消. 《直指》

Translation영역
A pearl screen, shaped like broken grains of rice, is easily scattered; a plum-blossom screen, shaped like the petals of a plum flower, is hard to dissolve.

Jikji 直指

3.26.3
Source원문

瞳人乾缺ㆍ痛澁無淚者, 或白瞖藏在黑水下ㆍ向日細視太見者, 或兩眼相傳ㆍ疼痛晝輕夜重者, 或內障五色相間ㆍ頭痛無淚ㆍ日中如坐暗室者, 或雷頭風熱毒氣衝入睛中ㆍ或微或大ㆍ昏暗不見者, 皆不治. 《入門》

Translation영역
The pupil dry and deficient, painful and gritty with no tears; or a white screen lying hidden beneath the black water, seen only on close looking toward the sun; or both eyes passing it one to the other, with pain light by day and heavy by night; or an internal obstruction with the five colours interspersed, headache and no tears, and sitting as in a dark room at midday; or thunder-head wind, the hot toxic qi thrusting into the eye, the pupil now small now large, dim and unseeing — none of these can be treated.
Clinical note임상 주석
A prognostic section, and its judgements hold up remarkably well. Surface disease treats and deep disease does not; a fine granular corneal infiltrate clears and a confluent branching one scars. The list of untreatable conditions in the last entry is a list of exactly the things that still blind people: a dry pupil fixed and painful without tears (an anterior uveitis gone to seclusion of the pupil), a deep stromal opacity visible only against the light, bilateral sympathetic involvement with night pain, an internal obstruction with coloured haloes, headache and functional blindness in daylight — which is glaucoma — and a fulminant toxic infection with a pupil that will not hold its size. The tradition could not treat any of them and says so without hedging.

Immun 入門

3.27 Fire Breeding in the Eye 眼中生火

3.27.1
Source원문

唯陰陽易病, 及婦人臨産時有之. 《入門》

Translation영역
It occurs only in the yin-yang exchange disease, and in a woman at the time of giving birth.
Clinical note임상 주석
Three lines of section for a sign the Bogam evidently could not place. Seeing fire or sparks in the eye is restricted here to two situations: the yin-yang exchange disease, a relapse of a febrile illness attributed to sexual contact during convalescence, and the moment of childbirth. Photopsia in labour is real and well described in eclampsia and in severe pre-eclampsia, where it is a warning sign of some seriousness; the chapter records the observation and offers nothing for it.

Immun 入門

3.28 What Is Forbidden in Eye Disease 眼病禁忌

3.28.1
Source원문

酒色七情, 最宜痛斷. ○凡眼疾忌雞ㆍ魚ㆍ酒ㆍ麪ㆍ糯米ㆍ醎酸ㆍ熱油ㆍ諸般毒物. 眼乃一身之主, 不能忌口, 藥亦無功, 自陷此身也. 每日白煮精猪肉嚥飯, 或山藥ㆍ蘿葍ㆍ菜果, 皆可啖. 《得效》

Translation영역
Wine, sexual indulgence and the seven affects are above all to be cut off sharply. In every eye ailment, avoid chicken, fish, wine, wheat noodles, glutinous rice, salty and sour things, hot oil and all manner of toxic foods. The eye is the master of the whole body, and if one cannot restrain the mouth, medicine too will have no effect and one brings oneself down. Each day, lean pork plainly boiled, eaten down with rice, or yam, radish, greens and fruit — all of these may be eaten.
Clinical note임상 주석
A dietary proscription of the usual pre-modern shape, forbidding the rich, the fried and the fermented, and the only part of it with modern support is the first clause: alcohol and the seven affects. What is worth noting is the sentence in the middle, that if the mouth cannot be restrained the medicine will not work either — the chapter's standing position that treatment and regimen are one thing, and that a patient who ignores the second has wasted the first.

Deukhyo 得效

3.29 Nursing the Eyes in Disease 眼病調養

3.29.1
Source원문

養目力者常瞑. 《養生》

Translation영역
He who would nurture the strength of his eyes keeps them closed much of the time.

Yangsaeng 養生

3.29.2
Source원문

讀書博奕過度患目, 名曰肝勞, 非三年閉目不可治. 《資生》

Translation영역
Suffering in the eyes from reading and chess carried to excess is called liver taxation, and cannot be treated short of three years with the eyes closed.

Jasaeng 資生

3.29.3
Source원문

古人治肝勞有養之之法. 彭眞人患目疾, 不計晝夜瞪目注視, 閉之少頃, 依法再行, 積功而視秋毫. 徐眞人亦患目疾, 暗室正坐, 運睛旋還八十一數, 閉目集神再運, 不數年而神光自現, 狀如金輪, 永除昏暗. 施眞人歌曰, 運睛除目暗. 皆養之之法也. 《資生》

Translation영역
The ancients had a method of nurturing for the treatment of liver taxation. The Perfected Peng, suffering an eye ailment, would stare fixedly without counting day or night, close the eyes a little while, and then by the method do it again; the merit accumulated and he could see an autumn hair. The Perfected Xu, also suffering an eye ailment, would sit upright in a dark room and turn the eyes round eighty-one times, then close them, gather the spirit and turn them again; in not many years a spirit light appeared of itself, shaped like a golden wheel, and the dimness was gone for good. The Perfected Shi's song says: turning the eyes removes the eye's darkness. All these are methods of nurturing.

Jasaeng 資生

3.29.4
Source원문

熱摩手心, 熨兩眼, 每二七遍, 使人眼目自無障瞖. 明目去風, 無出於此. 《養性》

Translation영역
Rub the palms hot and press them on both eyes, fourteen times at each session; it keeps a person's eyes free of obstruction and screen of themselves. For brightening the eye and driving out wind, nothing surpasses it.

Yangseong 養性

3.29.5
Source원문

常以手按兩眉後小空中三九過, 又以手心及指摩兩目下顴上, 以手提耳四十過, 摩令微熱, 輒以手逆乘額三九過, 從眉中上行入髮際, 以口嚥唾無數. 如此常行, 目卽淸明, 一年可夜讀書. 《養性》

Translation영역
Press with the hand on the little hollow behind both brows twenty-seven times; rub with the palm and fingers below both eyes and above the cheekbones; pull the ears forty times and rub them slightly warm; then run the hand up against the forehead twenty-seven times, from between the brows upward to the hairline; and swallow the saliva without counting. Do this regularly and the eyes become clear and bright — in a year one can read by night.

Yangseong 養性

3.29.6
Source원문

五色皆損目, 惟皂糊屛風可養目力. 《延壽》

Translation영역
All five colours injure the eye; only a screen pasted over in black can nurture the strength of the eyes.
Clinical note임상 주석
The regimen section, and it is the part of the chapter a modern reader can use. Palming — rubbing the hands warm and pressing them over closed eyes — is still taught; the orbital and temple massage described in the fifth entry traces the supraorbital notch, the infraorbital rim and the frontalis, which is where tension headache and eye strain actually sit; and the eye-rotation exercises of the two Perfected are what any orthoptist would recognize as a version of ocular mobility work, whatever the golden wheel was. The last line, that all colours tire the eye and only a plain black screen rests it, is a piece of advice about visual load that an ophthalmologist could give today, and the three years with the eyes closed is the same counsel pushed to its hopeless extreme.

Yeonsu 延壽

3.30 Fatal Signs in the Gaze 目視凶證

3.30.1
Source원문

病人目直視者死. 《扁鵲》

Translation영역
A sick person whose eyes stare straight ahead dies.

Pyeonjak 扁鵲

3.30.2
Source원문

瞳子高者, 太陽不足; 戴眼者, 太陽已絶. 此決死生之要, 不可不察也. 《內經》

Translation영역
Where the pupils are raised, the greater yang is insufficient; where the eyes are turned up, the greater yang is already cut off. This is the essential of deciding death from life, and must be looked into.

Naegyeong 內經

3.30.3
Source원문

太陽之脉, 其終也戴眼. 又曰, 足太陽氣絶者死, 必戴眼. 《內經》

Translation영역
The vessel of the greater yang, at its ending, turns the eyes up. It is also said: where the qi of the foot greater yang is cut off, the person dies, and the eyes will certainly be turned up.

Naegyeong 內經

3.30.4
Source원문

目內陷者死. 太陽之脉起於目內眥, 目內陷者, 太陽絶也, 故死. 《內經》

Translation영역
Where the eyes are sunken in, the person dies. The vessel of the greater yang arises at the inner corner of the eye, so sunken eyes are the greater yang cut off, and therefore death.

Naegyeong 內經

3.30.5
Source원문

眼胞忽陷定知亡. 《脉訣》

Translation영역
When the lids suddenly fall hollow, know for certain that he is going.

Maekgyeol 脉訣

3.30.6
Source원문

戴眼者, 目直視不能轉動也. 《綱目》

Translation영역
Eyes turned up means the eyes stare straight ahead and cannot be moved.

Gangmok 綱目

3.30.7
Source원문

藏府精華皆上注於目. 目直視者, 反目倒竄, 眼精上騰, 乃死證也. 《入門》

Translation영역
The flowering essence of the viscera and bowels all pours upward into the eye. Eyes staring straight ahead, with the eyes rolled back and bolting upward and the ocular essence mounting, is a fatal sign.

Immun 入門

3.30.8
Source원문

足少陽終者, 百節皆縱, 目睘絶系. 註曰, 目系絶, 故目不轉而直視. 睘謂直視如驚貌, 睘音瓊. 《內經》

Translation영역
Where the foot lesser yang comes to its end, all the hundred joints slacken and the eyes are staring, the tie cut off. The commentary says: the tie of the eye is cut off, so the eye does not turn and stares straight ahead. Staring means looking fixedly as if startled; the character is pronounced 'gyeong'.

Naegyeong 內經

3.30.9
Source원문

直視者, 視物而目睛不轉動者是也; 若目睛動者, 非直視也. 傷寒直視者, 邪氣壅盛, 藏府之氣不上榮於目, 則爲之直視, 多難治. 衂家不可發汗, 發汗則目直視不能瞬ㆍ不能眠, 猶未甚也; 逮狂言反目直視, 與直視揺頭, 皆藏府氣奪絶也, 卽死. 《綱目》

Translation영역
Staring straight ahead is looking at a thing with the eyeball not turning; if the eyeball moves, it is not a straight stare. A straight stare in cold damage is the evil qi congested and exuberant, so that the qi of the viscera and bowels does not rise to construct the eye — this is mostly hard to treat. One subject to nosebleeds must not be made to sweat; if made to sweat, the eyes stare straight ahead and cannot blink or sleep, and that is not yet the worst. But when it reaches raving speech with the eyes rolled back and staring, or a straight stare with the head shaking, the qi of the viscera and bowels is robbed and cut off, and death is immediate.
Clinical note임상 주석
The chapter's closing prognostic section, and the signs it names are the signs of brainstem failure and terminal dehydration. A fixed stare that does not follow, the eyes rolled up with the globes deviated, the lids suddenly sunken, raving with the head shaking — these are described exactly, and the judgement attached to each is correct: they mean death is close. The Gangmok's definition in the last entry is as careful as anything in the book, insisting that a stare only counts if the globe does not move, and its warning about sweating a patient prone to haemorrhage is sound in its own terms. The character gloss, with its reading given, is the Bogam's editor at work rather than the physician.

Gangmok 綱目

3.31 Medicines Dotted into the Eye 點眼藥

3.31.1
Source원문

凡點洗之法: 若暴赤腫ㆍ血壅氣滯者, 一時連點三五次; 如氣血稍虛者, 宜服藥以塞其源, 藥水洗之. 生有雲膜, 方可用點; 若無瞖膜, 但可洗之, 却忌過用凉藥及冷水洗滌. 至如鍼刀火烙, 古人忌用; 如金篦刮撥, 另是一家傳授, 不可妄施. 《入門》

Translation영역
The method of dotting and washing in general: where there is sudden redness and swelling with blood congested and qi stagnant, dot three to five times in succession at one sitting; where the qi and blood are somewhat vacuous, medicine should be taken to stop the source and a medicinal water used to wash. Only where a cloudy membrane has bred may dotting be used; if there is no screen and membrane, washing alone will do, and overuse of cooling medicines and washing with cold water are to be avoided. As for needle, knife and cautery, the ancients avoided using them; and the scraping and dislodging with the golden probe is a separate lineage's transmission and must not be applied rashly.

Immun 入門

3.31.2
Source원문

點藥有磨瞖膏ㆍ春雪膏ㆍ百點膏ㆍ還睛紫金丹ㆍ點瞖膏ㆍ三光膏ㆍ龍腦膏ㆍ蕤仁膏ㆍ明鏡膏ㆍ二百味花草膏ㆍ五膽膏ㆍ楓膏ㆍ石決明散ㆍ龍腦散ㆍ點爛弦風藥ㆍ點漏睛膿出藥ㆍ點蟹眼疼痛藥ㆍ點撞打傷眼藥ㆍ點眼生肉瞖藥.

Translation영역
The medicines for dotting are Maye-go, Chunseol-go, Baekjeom-go, Hwanjeong-jageum-dan, Jeomye-go, Samgwang-go, Yongnoe-go, Yuin-go, Myeonggyeong-go, Ibaekmi-hwacho-go, Odam-go, Pung-go, Seokgyeolmyeong-san, Yongnoe-san, the drops for raw lid margins, the drops for the leaking eye with pus coming out, the drops for crab-eye pain, the drops for an eye injured by a blow, and the drops for flesh and screen breeding in the eye.
Clinical note임상 주석
The opening entry is the chapter's protocol for topical treatment and it is unusually disciplined. Dotting is for an acute red eye with a corneal opacity already formed; where there is no opacity, washing only; cold water and an excess of cooling drops are themselves harmful. Then the three warnings: needle, knife and cautery are to be left alone, and the golden-probe couching of a cataract belongs to another lineage and must not be attempted by someone who has not been taught it. That is a physician declining a procedure on the grounds that he has not been trained in it, which is both rare in the literature and exactly right — couching a lens with a probe is a blinding operation in untrained hands. The nineteen preparations that follow include five named not for a drug but for an indication, which is how this section organizes the things no single formula covers.

Donguibogam · An

3.32 Medicines for Washing the Eye 洗眼藥

3.32.1
Source원문

洗眼宜湯泡散ㆍ洗眼湯ㆍ驅風散ㆍ廣大重明湯ㆍ五行湯ㆍ秦皮散.

Translation영역
For washing the eye, Tangpo-san, Sean-tang, Gupung-san, Gwangdae-jungmyeong-tang, Ohaeng-tang or Jinpi-san.
Clinical note임상 주석
One line of section, listing six washes. The eye bath is the gentler half of the chapter's external treatment — used where there is no corneal opacity and dotting would be wrong — and the six range from a simple warm infusion of copper-dish herbs to the Jinpi-san whose single drug, ash bark, carries the esculin and fraxin that still appear in European ophthalmic preparations.

Donguibogam · An

3.33 Medicines Treating Eye Disease Generally 通治眼病藥

3.33.1
Source원문

脾家受熱, 則眼胞赤腫; 神勞, 則眼睛痛; 心熱, 則血灌瞳人; 傷風, 則淚出; 虛煩, 則眼昏; 勞力, 則眥赤. 其生瘡, 乃風熱侵肺; 黃, 乃酒傷於脾. 最宜活變. 《入門》

Translation영역
When the spleen receives heat, the lids are red and swollen; when the spirit is taxed, the eyeball is painful; when the heart is hot, blood floods the pupil; when wind has done injury, tears run; in vacuity vexation, the eye is dim; from hard labour, the corners are red. That it breeds sores is wind heat invading the lung; that it is yellow is wine having injured the spleen. One should above all adapt and vary.

Immun 入門

3.33.2
Source원문

先賢治目昏見花, 如羊肝丸用羊肝引黃連等藥入肝, 解肝中諸欎. 肝欎解, 則目之玄府通利而明矣. 故黃連之類解熱欎也, 椒目之類解濕欎也, 茺蔚子之類解氣欎也, 芎歸之類解血欎也, 木賊之類解積欎也, 羌活之類解經欎也, 磁石之類解頭目欎ㆍ墜邪氣使下行也, 蔓菁子下氣通中, 理亦同也. 凡氣血欎則目昏, 河間之言信不誣矣. 《綱目》

Translation영역
The worthies of old, in treating a dim eye seeing flowers — as in Yanggan-hwan, which uses sheep's liver to draw coptis and the other drugs into the liver — resolved the several depressions within the liver. The liver's depression resolved, the dark palaces of the eye pass freely and it sees clearly. So coptis and its like resolve heat depression; zanthoxylum seed and its like, damp depression; leonurus seed and its like, qi depression; chuanxiong and tangkuei, blood depression; horsetail and its like, accumulation depression; notopterygium and its like, channel depression; loadstone and its like resolve depression of the head and eyes and bear the evil qi downward; and turnip seed, which sends qi down and frees the centre, works on the same principle. Whenever qi and blood are depressed, the eye is dim: Hejian's words are to be trusted and are no falsehood.

Gangmok 綱目

3.33.3
Source원문

內外障諸證通治, 宜還睛丸ㆍ神仙退雲丸(方見上)ㆍ撥雲退瞖還睛丸(方見上)ㆍ固本還睛丸ㆍ大明復光散ㆍ石膏羌活散ㆍ速效散(方見上)ㆍ石決明散(方見上)ㆍ加減撥雲散ㆍ通聖散加減法.

Translation영역
For treating all the patterns of internal and external obstruction generally, Hwanjeong-hwan, Sinseon-toeun-hwan, Balun-toeye-hwanjeong-hwan, Gobon-hwanjeong-hwan, Daemyeong-bokgwang-san, Seokgo-ganghwal-san, Sokhyo-san, Seokgyeolmyeong-san, Gagam-baldun-san, or the Tongseong-san added and subtracted.

Donguibogam · An

3.33.4
Source원문

凡補腎治眼之藥, 必須於五更初腎氣開ㆍ未言語前服之乃效. 《直指》

Translation영역
Every medicine that supplements the kidney to treat the eye must be taken at the beginning of the fifth watch, when the kidney qi opens, and before a word has been spoken — only then is it effective.
Clinical note임상 주석
The second entry is the chapter's most interesting piece of pharmacological reasoning: a single mechanism, depression, with a drug class assigned to each kind of it, and sheep's liver used as a carrier to take the other drugs where they are wanted. The idea that a food substance directs a formula to an organ is not pharmacokinetics, but the structure of the argument — one pathology, seven agents differentiated by what they unblock — is as close to a rational materia medica as the eye chapter comes, and it closes by endorsing Hejian's dark-palace theory by name. The last entry, on taking kidney-supplementing medicines at the fifth watch before speaking, is chronotherapy on doctrinal rather than observed grounds, and the insistence on silence tells you which it is.

Jikji 直指

3.34 Simples 單方

3.34.1
Source원문

凡五十種. 有白龍散ㆍ立消散ㆍ鹽朮散.

Translation영역
Fifty kinds in all, including Baengnyong-san, Ipso-san and Yeomchul-san.
Clinical note임상 주석
Fifty simples, and they divide into four groups. The minerals come first and are the chapter's drops: mirabilite, azurite, salt and blue salt, alum, verdigris, borax, calamine and well-flower water, several of them worked up into named powders — Baengnyong-san from mirabilite carried against the skin inside the robe for a hundred and twenty days, Ipso-san from snow-white salt touched onto the opacity with a rush stem. Then the plants, which are the chapter's standing eye drugs: chrysanthemum, atractylodes with blue salt, gentian, asarum, coptis, cassia seed, celosia, horsetail, prunella, sophora fruit, mulberry-twig decoction, bamboo sap, ash bark, gallnut, turnip seed and shepherd's-purse seed. Then the animal products, where the logic is frankly sympathetic and the eye is treated with eyes and with bile: abalone shell, carp gall, cuttlebone, bat droppings, river-snail juice, cicada shell, snake moulting, bear gall, otter gall, and the livers and galls of ox, sheep, dog, pig, rabbit and black cock. And last the human products — first milk and urine — with the Gangmok's unembarrassed note that he had red eyes all his life and treated them with his own urine on a fingertip. Four of the entries are not treatments at all but extractions: bush-cherry beetle rubbed over a cloth laid on the eye to draw out a barley awn, a dung beetle held over the lid to draw out grit, barley water to float out a husk, and sweet-flag root plugged into the opposite nostril for a thread in the eye. Those are the only places in the chapter where the mechanism proposed is purely physical, and two of them would work.

Donguibogam · An

3.35 Needling and Moxibustion 鍼灸法

3.35.1
Source원문

眼睛痛, 取風府ㆍ風池ㆍ通里ㆍ合谷ㆍ申脉ㆍ照海ㆍ大敦ㆍ竅陰ㆍ至陰. 《綱目》

Translation영역
For pain of the eyeball, take Pungbu GV-16, Pungji GB-20, Tongri HT-5, Hapgok LI-4, Sinmaek BL-62, Johae KI-6, Daedon LR-1, Gyueum GB-44 and Jieum BL-67.

Gangmok 綱目

3.35.2
Source원문

目赤腫瞖ㆍ羞明隱澁, 取上星ㆍ百會ㆍ攢竹ㆍ絲竹空ㆍ睛明ㆍ瞳子髎ㆍ太陽ㆍ合谷. 又以草莖刺鼻孔, 出血數升卽愈. 《子和》

Translation영역
For the eye red, swollen and screened, shrinking from the light and gritty, take Sangseong GV-23, Baekhoe GV-20, Chanjuk BL-2, Sajukgong TE-23, Jeongmyeong BL-1, Dongjaryo GB-1, Taeyang and Hapgok LI-4. Also, prick the nostril with a grass stalk and let several seung of blood out — it heals at once.

Jahwa 子和

3.35.3
Source원문

眼暴赤腫痛, 取神庭ㆍ上星ㆍ顖會ㆍ前頂ㆍ百會, 出血卽愈. 又取光明ㆍ地五會. 《綱目》

Translation영역
For the eye suddenly red, swollen and painful, take Sinjeong GV-24, Sangseong GV-23, Sinhoe GV-22, Jeonjeong GV-21 and Baekhoe GV-20 and let blood — it heals at once. Also take Gwangmyeong GB-37 and Jiohoe GB-42.

Gangmok 綱目

3.35.4
Source원문

諸障瞖, 取睛明ㆍ四白ㆍ太陽ㆍ百會ㆍ商陽ㆍ厲兌ㆍ光明, 各出血; 合谷ㆍ三里ㆍ命門ㆍ肝兪ㆍ光明, 各灸之. 《綱目》

Translation영역
For all obstructions and screens, take Jeongmyeong BL-1, Sabaek ST-2, Taeyang, Baekhoe GV-20, Sangyang LI-1, Yeotae ST-45 and Gwangmyeong GB-37, letting blood at each; and moxa Hapgok LI-4, Samri ST-36, Myeongmun GV-4, Ganyu BL-18 and Gwangmyeong GB-37.

Gangmok 綱目

3.35.5
Source원문

內障, 取足厥陰ㆍ足少陰ㆍ陽蹻. 《綱目》

Translation영역
For the internal obstruction, take the foot reverting yin, the foot lesser yin and the yang springing vessel.

Gangmok 綱目

3.35.6
Source원문

去瞖法: 以鵝翎切之, 近黑睛及當白睛嗍之, 膜自聚上, 以鍼鉤挽之, 割去卽明見物. 以綿着眼斷血, 三日差. 《千金》

Translation영역
The method of removing a screen: cut with a goose quill, drawing it up close to the black of the eye and over the white; the membrane gathers of itself, and it is hooked up with a needle and cut away, whereupon one sees clearly at once. Press cotton on the eye to stop the bleeding, and in three days it is healed.

Cheongeum 千金

3.35.7
Source원문

努肉攀睛, 取睛明ㆍ風池ㆍ期門ㆍ太陽, 出血. 《綱目》

Translation영역
For proud flesh creeping over the eye, take Jeongmyeong BL-1, Pungji GB-20, Gimun LR-14 and Taeyang, and let blood.

Gangmok 綱目

3.35.8
Source원문

爛弦風, 取大骨空, 灸九壯, 以口吹火滅; 小骨空, 灸七壯, 亦吹火滅. 又以三稜鍼刺眶外出血卽愈. 《綱目》

Translation영역
For the raw-margin wind, take Daegolgong and moxa nine cones, blowing the fire out with the mouth; and Sogolgong, moxa seven cones, likewise blowing the fire out. Also prick outside the orbit with a three-edged needle and let blood — it heals at once.

Gangmok 綱目

3.35.9
Source원문

迎風冷淚ㆍ眵䁾黑花, 取大骨空ㆍ小骨空, 灸之, 吹火滅. 又取臨泣ㆍ合谷. 《綱目》

Translation영역
For cold tears in the wind, and discharge with black flowers, take Daegolgong and Sogolgong and moxa them, blowing the fire out. Also take Imgeup GB-41 and Hapgok LI-4.

Gangmok 綱目

3.35.10
Source원문

靑盲, 灸巨髎. 又取肝兪ㆍ命門ㆍ商陽. 《得效》

Translation영역
For blue blindness, moxa Georyo ST-3. Also take Ganyu BL-18, Myeongmun GV-4 and Sangyang LI-1.

Deukhyo 得效

3.35.11
Source원문

目昏暗, 灸三里, 鍼承泣. 又取肝兪ㆍ瞳子髎. 《綱目》

Translation영역
For the eye dim and dark, moxa Samri ST-36 and needle Seungeup ST-1. Also take Ganyu BL-18 and Dongjaryo GB-1.

Gangmok 綱目

3.35.12
Source원문

雀目, 取神庭ㆍ上星ㆍ前頂ㆍ百會ㆍ睛明, 出血卽愈. 又取肝兪ㆍ照海. 《綱目》

Translation영역
For sparrow eye, take Sinjeong GV-24, Sangseong GV-23, Jeonjeong GV-21, Baekhoe GV-20 and Jeongmyeong BL-1 and let blood — it heals at once. Also take Ganyu BL-18 and Johae KI-6.

Gangmok 綱目

3.35.13
Source원문

暴盲不見物, 鍼攢竹及頂前五穴. 又刺鼻中大出血, 立明. 《子和》

Translation영역
For sudden blindness seeing nothing, needle Chanjuk BL-2 and the five points forward of the vertex. Also prick inside the nose and let blood freely — the sight comes back at once.

Jahwa 子和

3.35.14
Source원문

眼腫痛睛欲出, 須八關大刺手十指間, 出血卽愈. 《易老》

Translation영역
Where the eye is swollen and painful and the globe seems about to come out, one must make the great pricking of the eight passes between the ten fingers of the hands and let blood — it heals at once.

Yeokro 易老

3.35.15
Source원문

眼戴上不能視, 灸脊第二顀骨ㆍ第五顀骨上各七壯, 一齊下火, 立愈. 《寶鑑》

Translation영역
Where the eyes are turned up and cannot see, moxa seven cones each on the second and the fifth vertebra of the spine, setting fire to both at once — it heals at once.
Clinical note임상 주석
The needling section is where the chapter turns bloody. Bloodletting dominates it: the vertex points pricked for an acute red eye, the nasal mucosa pricked with a grass stalk until several seung run, the eight passes between the fingers for a globe about to burst — and the quantities named are not survivable as written, so the seung must be read as the figure of speech it is. Two things stand out. The first is the pterygium operation in the sixth entry, which is a real surgical description: the growth lifted with a goose quill, hooked on a needle, cut away, and the bleeding pressed with cotton, three days to heal — which is, allowing for the instruments, how it is still done. The second is the distribution of points, which is consistent across the entries and sensible: the local orbital points (Jeongmyeong, Chanjuk, Sajukgong, Dongjaryo, Seungeup, Sabaek), the gallbladder channel's Gwangmyeong, named "bright light" and used for every screen in the section, and Ganyu and Hapgok as the distal pair. That the chapter should end with moxa on the second and fifth vertebrae for upturned eyes — a sign it has just finished calling fatal — is the Bogam's way: a treatment offered even where the prognosis has been refused.

Bogam 寶鑑

About this translation 凡例

Base text: Donguibogam (東醫寶鑑, 1613 first edition), Outer Form, Volume 1, Eye chapter. The Chinese text is collated against a transcription carrying the printed edition's leaf numbers and its first-edition variant readings; original character forms (脉, 人參) are retained. Terminology follows Wiseman & Feng, A Practical Dictionary of Chinese Medicine. Translation and clinical notes are original to this site. — Eui Young (Justin) Chung, L.Ac., Dipl. O.M.