Formulas · Text · Donguibogam 東醫寶鑑

Essence

Jeong

한글 정 · Pinyin Jing

Essence is the root of the body and its supreme treasure — and every loss of it is a loss the body cannot afford

精

The first of the three chapters — essence, qi, spirit — that open the Inner Landscape, and the shortest. It begins with the Lingshu's definition: two spirits strike together and form a body, and what was there before the body is the essence. Then its measure, which the Yangseong gives as one seung and six hop — a pound and a half — of which each act of intercourse spends half a hop, and none is ever added. The chapter's argument follows from the arithmetic. Essence is the body's treasure and is to be kept; the Suwen's line that the yang must be closed and secret governs the whole; and the practices of restraint, of cultivating the essence at midnight with the hands, and of feeding it with the plainest food are given before any medicine is. The diseases are the losses: dream discharge, which the chapter assigns to the heart and its wandering; waking discharge, which it assigns to fire; slippery discharge that will not stop, which it assigns to vacuity; and white seminal seepage, which the Neijing traced to thought without end and wishes unfulfilled. Danxi's rule is that the kidney stores and the liver releases, and both answer to the heart — so that the whole of treatment is to gather the heart. The chapter ends with the guided stretches for holding the essence, the points to needle and moxa, and Jinquan's advice that the thick liquor at the bottom of the rice pot is where the grain's essence gathers.

3.1 Essence Is the Root of the Body 精爲身本

3.1.1

Source원문

靈樞曰, 兩神相薄, 合而成形, 常先身生, 是謂精. 精者, 身之本也. 又曰, 五穀之津液, 和合而爲膏, 內滲入于骨空, 補益髓腦, 而下流于陰股. 陰陽不和, 則使液溢而下流于陰, 下過度則虛, 虛則腰背痛而脛痠. 又曰, 髓者, 骨之充, 腦爲髓海. 髓海不足, 則腦轉, 耳鳴, 胻痠, 眩冒.

Translation영역

The Lingshu says: two spirits strike against each other, join and form a body, and what is always born before the body is called essence. Essence is the root of the body. It also says: the fluids of the five grains harmonize and combine into a paste, seep within into the hollows of the bones, supplement and boost the marrow and brain, and flow down to the groin. Where yin and yang are not harmonious, the fluid is made to overflow and flow down to the genitals; where the downflow is excessive there is vacuity, and vacuity brings pain of lumbus and back and aching of the shins. And it says: the marrow is what fills the bones, and the brain is the sea of marrow. Where the sea of marrow is insufficient, the brain turns, the ears ring, the shins ache and there is dizziness.

Clinical note임상 주석

Three passages from the Lingshu, and they give the chapter its whole physiology. Essence is what two parents' spirits make before the child has a body; it is what food becomes when it has been refined to a paste; and it fills the bones and the brain. The signs of its loss — aching back and shins, ringing ears, dizziness — are what the chapter's formulas at 3.12 treat.

Yeongchu 靈樞

3.2 Essence Is the Supreme Treasure 精爲至寶

3.2.1

Source원문

夫精者, 極好之稱, 人之精最貴而甚少. 在身中通有一升六合. 此男子二八未泄之成數, 稱得一斤, 積而滿者至三升, 損而喪之者不及一升. 精與氣相養, 氣聚則精盈, 精盈則氣盛. 日啖飮食之華美者爲精, 故從米從靑. 人年十六則精泄. 凡交一次則喪半合, 有喪而無益, 則精竭身憊. 故慾不節則精耗, 精耗則氣衰, 氣衰則病至, 病至則身危. 噫, 精之爲物, 其人身之至寶乎. 《養性》

Translation영역

Essence is the name for what is most excellent, and a person's essence is most precious and very little. In the whole body there is one seung and six hop. This is the full measure of a man of twice eight who has not yet discharged, and it weighs one geun; accumulated to fullness it reaches three seung, and wasted and lost it falls below one. Essence and qi nourish each other — where qi gathers the essence fills, and where essence fills the qi is exuberant. The finest of what one eats and drinks each day becomes essence, and so the graph is written with 米 for rice and 靑 for green. At sixteen a person's essence is discharged. Each act of intercourse loses half a hop, and where there is loss and no gain the essence is exhausted and the body worn out. So where desire is not restrained the essence is spent; where the essence is spent the qi declines; where the qi declines disease arrives; and where disease arrives the body is in danger. Ah — essence as a thing, is it not the body's supreme treasure?

Clinical note임상 주석

The chapter's argument in numbers: one seung six hop in the body, half a hop lost each time, and nothing ever added. The arithmetic is the reason for everything that follows — the locks, the restraint, the midnight cultivation. The Qi chapter's 4.2.3 gave the same etymology for 氣; here it is 精, rice and green, the green being the fresh part of the grain. The two chapters were written to match.

Yangseong 養性

3.2.2

Source원문

仙書曰, 陰陽之道, 精液爲寶, 謹而守之, 後天而老. 經頌云, 道以精爲寶, 寶持宜秘密, 施人卽生人, 留己則生己, 結嬰尙未可, 何況空廢棄, 棄損不覺多, 衰老而命墜. 人之可寶者命, 可惜者身, 可重者精. 肝精不固, 目眩無光. 肺精不足, 肌肉消瘦. 腎精不固, 神氣減少. 脾精不堅, 齒髮浮落. 若眞精耗散, 疾病卽生, 死亡隨至.

Translation영역

The Immortals' Book says: in the way of yin and yang, the essential fluid is the treasure; guard it carefully, and one ages after heaven does. The Classic's hymn says: the Way takes essence as its treasure, and the treasure should be kept secret; given to another it engenders another, kept for oneself it engenders oneself. Even to form a child is not yet permitted — how much less to throw it away for nothing; thrown away and lost without one's noticing how much, one declines and ages and life falls. What a person can treasure is life, what one can cherish is the body, what one can value is essence. Where the liver's essence is not secure the eyes are dim and without light. Where the lung's essence is insufficient the flesh wastes and thins. Where the kidney's essence is not secure the spirit and qi diminish. Where the spleen's essence is not firm the teeth and hair loosen and fall. If the true essence is spent and scattered, disease arises at once and death follows.

Clinical note임상 주석

結嬰尙未可 — even to form a child is not yet permitted. The Daoist text goes further than the medical ones: essence spent on begetting is essence lost, and the immortal keeps his own. The Bogam records the position without adopting it; the Women chapter's whole purpose is the child. The four organs and their signs are the chapter's diagnostic table — dim eyes for the liver, wasting for the lung, dullness for the kidney, loose teeth for the spleen.

Seonseo 仙書

3.2.3

Source원문

象川翁曰, 精能生氣, 氣能生神, 榮衛一身, 莫大於此. 養生之士, 先寶其精, 精滿則氣壯, 氣壯則神旺, 神旺則身健, 身健而少病, 內則五藏敷華, 外則肌膚潤澤, 容顔光彩, 耳目聰明, 老當益壯矣.

Translation영역

The Old Man of Xiangchuan said: essence can engender qi, and qi can engender spirit; for constructing and defending the whole body nothing is greater than this. One who nurtures life first treasures the essence. Where essence is full the qi is robust; where qi is robust the spirit is effulgent; where spirit is effulgent the body is healthy; and healthy, it has few diseases — within, the five viscera spread their bloom; without, the skin is moist and glossy, the face bright, the ears and eyes sharp, and in old age one grows the stronger.

Clinical note임상 주석

The chain the three chapters share — essence to qi to spirit — and the Qi chapter's 4.1.1 gave it from Dongwon in the other direction. Here it runs upward: keep the essence and everything above it follows.

Sangcheon-ong (象川翁)

3.2.4

Source원문

黃庭經曰, 急守精室勿妄泄, 閉而寶之可長活.

Translation영역

The Yellow Court Classic says: guard the chamber of essence urgently and do not discharge rashly; close it and treasure it, and one may live long.

Hwangjeonggyeong 黃庭經

3.3 All Five Viscera Have Essence 五藏皆有精

3.3.1

Source원문

難經曰, 心盛精汁三合, 脾有散膏半斤, 膽盛精汁三合.

Translation영역

The Nanjing says: the heart holds three hop of essential juice, the spleen has half a geun of scattered paste, and the gallbladder holds three hop of essential juice.

Clinical note임상 주석

Three organs with a measured content, and the spleen's 散膏 — scattered paste — is the pancreas, which the tradition knew as a fatty mass attached to the spleen without giving it a function.

Nangyeong 難經

3.3.2

Source원문

內經曰, 腎者主水, 受五藏六府之精而藏之. 註云, 腎爲都會關司之所, 非腎一藏獨有精也.

Translation영역

The Neijing says: the kidney governs water, and receives the essence of the five viscera and six bowels and stores it. The commentary says: the kidney is the place of general assembly and control; it is not that the kidney alone among the viscera has essence.

Clinical note임상 주석

The section's point: essence is everywhere, and the kidney is where it is banked. 3.2.2 gave four organs' essence with a sign for each, and this passage says why treatment goes to the kidney anyway.

Naegyeong 內經

3.3.3

Source원문

五藏各有藏精, 幷無停泊于其所. 盖人未交感, 精涵于血中, 未有形狀, 交感之後, 慾火動極, 而周身流行之血, 至命門而變爲精以泄焉. 故以人所泄之精, 貯于器, 拌少鹽酒, 露一宿則復爲血矣. 《眞詮》

Translation영역

Each of the five viscera stores essence, but none of it lies at rest in its place. Before a person is aroused, the essence is held within the blood without shape; after arousal, when the fire of desire has stirred to its extreme, the blood that flows through the whole body reaches the gate of life and changes into essence and is discharged. So if the essence a person discharges is kept in a vessel, mixed with a little salt and wine and left out a night, it turns back into blood.

Clinical note임상 주석

Essence as blood transformed at the moment of arousal, and the Jinquan offers an experiment: semen left overnight in salt and wine turns red. Whatever the experiment showed, the claim behind it — that semen is made from blood — is the reason the chapter's supplements at 3.15 are the Blood chapter's.

Jinjeon 眞詮

3.4 Pulse Method 脉法

3.4.1

Source원문

脉經曰, 男子脉微弱而澁, 爲無子, 精氣淸冷也.

Translation영역

The Pulse Classic says: where a man's pulse is faint, weak and rough, he is without child — the essential qi is clear and cold.

Clinical note임상 주석

The Women chapter's 1.3.2 in its home. The essence has a pulse — faint, weak, rough — and it is the pulse of a thin cold fluid.

Maekgyeong 脉經

3.4.2

Source원문

脉訣曰, 遺精白濁當驗於尺, 結芤動緊二證之的.

Translation영역

The Pulse Verses say: seminal emission and white turbidity are to be tested at the cubit; bound and hollow, stirring and tight, are the marks of the two patterns.

Maekgyeol 脉訣

3.4.3

Source원문

又曰, 濇脉爲精血不足之候, 丈夫脉濇號傷精. 又曰, 濇爲精竭血枯.

Translation영역

It also says: a rough pulse is the sign of essence and blood insufficient; a man's rough pulse is called damaged essence. And: rough is essence exhausted and blood dried.

Maekgyeol 脉訣

3.4.4

Source원문

醫鑑曰, 微濇傷精.

Translation영역

The Uigam says: faint and rough is damaged essence.

Clinical note임상 주석

Four sources and one finding: rough. The rough pulse is the tradition's sign for fluid insufficient — the Blood chapter's 1.4.3 gave it for scant blood — and here it is the essence's own.

Uigam 醫鑑

3.5 Essence Should Be Kept Secret 精宜秘密

3.5.1

Source원문

內經曰, 凡陰陽之要, 陽密乃固. 故曰, 陽强不能密, 陰氣乃絶. 陰平陽秘, 精神乃治, 陰陽離決, 精氣乃絶. 註曰, 陰陽交會之要, 正在於陽氣閉密而不妄泄爾. 密不妄泄則生氣强固而能久長, 此聖人之道也. 陽自强而不能閉密, 則陰泄瀉而精氣竭絶矣. 陰氣和平, 陽氣閉密, 則精神之用日益治也.

Translation영역

The Neijing says: the essential of yin and yang is that the yang be secret, and then it is firm. Hence it is said: where the yang is strong but cannot be secret, the yin qi is cut off. Yin level and yang secret, and essence and spirit are in order; yin and yang parted and severed, and the essential qi is cut off. The commentary says: the essential of the meeting of yin and yang lies precisely in the yang qi being closed and secret and not rashly discharged. Secret and not rashly discharged, the engendering qi is strong and firm and can last long — this is the way of the sages. Where the yang is strong of itself but cannot close and be secret, the yin discharges and drains and the essential qi is exhausted and cut off. Yin qi harmonious and level, yang qi closed and secret, and the use of essence and spirit is daily more in order.

Clinical note임상 주석

陰平陽秘, 精神乃治 — yin level and yang secret, and essence and spirit are in order. The Suwen's eight graphs that the whole tradition quotes, and the chapter's section title is taken from them. 秘, secret, is the word: the yang is not to be shown, spent or let out, and 3.5's five formulas are the locks.

Naegyeong 內經

3.5.2

Source원문

秘精, 宜服金鎻思仙丹ㆍ大鳳髓丹ㆍ秘眞丸ㆍ玉露丸ㆍ金鎻丹.

Translation영역

To keep the essence secret, Gold Lock Longing for Immortality Elixir, Great Phoenix Marrow Elixir, Secret Truth Pill, Jade Dew Pill and Gold Lock Elixir should be taken.

Donguibogam · Jeong

3.6 Restraining Desire and Storing Essence 節慾儲精

3.6.1

Source원문

內經以八八之數, 爲精髓竭之年, 是當節其慾矣. 千金方載素女論, 六十者閉精勿泄, 是慾當絶矣. 宜節不知節, 宜絶不能絶, 坐此而喪生, 盖自取之也. 《資生經》

Translation영역

The Neijing takes eight times eight as the year in which essence and marrow are exhausted, and at that age desire should be restrained. The Qianjin records the Plain Woman's discourse that at sixty one closes the essence and does not discharge — at that age desire should be cut off. To need restraint and not know restraint, to need cutting off and be unable to cut off, and to lose life by this — it is brought on oneself.

Clinical note임상 주석

Sixty-four for restraint and sixty for abstinence, and the chapter's verdict on the man who fails at either: 自取之, he brought it on himself. The Neijing's ages are the Suwen's first chapter, where a man's cycle is eight years and his essence fails at the eighth.

Jasaenggyeong 資生經

3.6.2

Source원문

人年四十以下, 多有放恣, 四十以上, 卽頓覺氣力衰退, 衰退旣至, 衆病蜂起, 久而不治, 遂至不救. 若年過六十, 有數旬不得交合而意中平平者, 自可閉固也. 又曰, 凡覺陽事輒成, 必謹而抑之, 不可縱心竭意, 以自戕也. 若一度制得, 則一度火滅, 一度增油. 若不能制, 縱慾施瀉, 卽是膏火將滅, 更去其油, 可不深自防也. 《養生書》

Translation영역

Under forty, people mostly indulge themselves; past forty they suddenly feel their strength decline, and once decline has come the many diseases rise like bees, and left long untreated it comes to where nothing can save them. If past sixty one can go some tens of days without intercourse and the mind is untroubled, one may close and secure of oneself. It also says: whenever one feels the yang affair readily arising, one must carefully restrain it, and may not give the heart its head and exhaust the will to one's own injury. Each time one restrains it, one fire is put out and one measure of oil added; where one cannot restrain it and gives way to desire and discharges, it is a lamp about to gutter having its oil taken away — how can one not guard oneself deeply?

Clinical note임상 주석

The lamp and its oil — each restraint adds oil, each discharge takes it — and the image is the chapter's whole economy of essence made visible. 意中平平, the mind untroubled: the test of whether abstinence has become natural is that it costs nothing.

Yangsaengseo 養生書

3.6.3

Source원문

仙書曰, 慾多則損精, 苟能節精, 可得長壽也.

Translation영역

The Immortals' Book says: where desire is much the essence is damaged; if one can restrain the essence one may attain long life.

Seonseo 仙書

3.6.4

Source원문

靜坐則腎水自升, 獨居則房色自絶. 《入門》

Translation영역

Sitting still, the kidney water rises of itself; living alone, the bedchamber's lures are cut off of themselves.

Clinical note임상 주석

Eight graphs for the practice: sit, and live alone. The Qi chapter's 4.9.5 said the same of the Buddhist facing the wall and the Daoist in retreat, and the Immun says it without the names.

Immun 入門

3.6.5

Source원문

宜縮陽秘方.

Translation영역

The Secret Formula for Shrinking the Yang is appropriate.

Donguibogam · Jeong

3.7 There Is a Secret for Refining the Essence 煉精有訣

3.7.1

Source원문

全在腎家下手. 內腎一竅, 名玄關, 外腎一竅, 名牝戶. 眞精未泄, 乾體未破, 則外腎陽氣至子時而興. 人身之氣, 與天地之氣, 兩相脗合. 精泄體破, 則吾身陽生之候漸晩, 有丑而生者, 次則寅而生者, 又次則卯而生者, 有終不生者, 始與天地不相應矣. 煉之之訣, 須半夜子時, 卽披衣起坐, 兩手搓極熱, 以一手將外腎兜住, 以一手掩臍, 而凝神于內腎, 久久習之, 而精旺矣. 《眞詮》

Translation영역

It all lies in setting to work at the kidney. The inner kidney has an opening called the dark gate, and the outer kidney has an opening called the female door. Where the true essence has not been discharged and the qian body not broken, the yang qi of the outer kidney rises at the ja hour. The body's qi and the qi of heaven and earth fit each other exactly. Once the essence is discharged and the body broken, the hour at which one's own yang rises grows later — some at the chuk hour, then some at in, then some at myo, and some never — and one no longer answers to heaven and earth. The secret of refining it: at the ja hour in the middle of the night, put on a robe and sit up, rub the two hands until they are very hot, cup the outer kidney in one hand and cover the navel with the other, and concentrate the spirit on the inner kidney; practise this long, and the essence grows effulgent.

Clinical note임상 주석

The rising at midnight — the ja hour is eleven to one — and its drift later as a man ages: the Jinquan is describing the nocturnal erection and its timing, and reading the timing as a measure of how much essence remains. 乾體未破, the qian body unbroken, is the virgin's. The practice is warm hands on the genitals and the navel at midnight, with the mind held on the kidney. 3.17.1 gives it again as a stretch.

Jinjeon 眞詮

3.7.2

Source원문

西蕃人多壽考, 每夜臥, 常以手掩外腎, 令溫煖, 此亦一術也. 《彙言》

Translation영역

The people of the western regions are mostly long-lived; every night when they lie down they always cover the outer kidney with the hand to keep it warm — this too is a method.

Hwieon 彙言

3.8 Supplementing Essence with Flavour 補精以味

3.8.1

Source원문

內經曰, 精生於穀. 又曰, 精不足者, 補之以味. 然醴郁之味, 不能生精, 惟恬憺之味, 乃能補精. 洪範論味而曰, 稼穡作甘. 世間之物, 惟五穀得味之正, 但能淡食穀味, 最能養精. 凡煮粥飯, 而中有厚汁滾作一團者, 此米之精液所聚也. 食之最能生精, 試之有效. 《眞詮》

Translation영역

The Neijing says: essence is engendered from grain. It also says: where essence is insufficient, supplement it with flavour. But rich and heady flavours cannot engender essence; only bland and quiet flavours can supplement it. The Great Plan, discussing flavour, says: sowing and reaping make sweetness. Of the things of the world only the five grains have the correct flavour, and simply eating the grain's flavour plain nourishes essence best. Whenever congee or rice is boiled and there is a thick liquor in it that gathers into a mass, this is where the rice's essential fluid has collected. Eating it engenders essence best — tried, and effective.

Clinical note임상 주석

The thick liquor at the bottom of the rice pot, and the Jinquan says it has been tried. The section's argument runs against the expensive supplements of 3.15: 醴郁之味, 不能生精 — rich flavours cannot make essence, and only the plainest food does. The Qi chapter's 4.2.1 and the Blood chapter's 1.1.1 both said their substance comes from grain; this is the essence's version, with a recipe.

Jinjeon 眞詮

3.9 Seminal Emission Belongs to the Heart 遺泄精屬心

3.9.1

Source원문

丹溪曰, 主閉藏者, 腎也, 司疏泄者, 肝也. 二藏皆有相火, 而其系上屬於心. 心君火也. 爲物所感則易動, 心動則相火亦動, 動則精自走, 相火翕然而起, 雖不交會, 亦暗流而疏泄矣. 所以聖人只是敎人收心養心, 其旨微矣.

Translation영역

Danxi says: what governs closing and storing is the kidney; what controls opening and discharging is the liver. Both viscera have ministerial fire, and their cords go up and belong to the heart. The heart is the sovereign fire. Moved by things, it is easily stirred; the heart stirring, the ministerial fire stirs too; stirring, the essence runs of itself; the ministerial fire rises all at once, and though there be no intercourse, still it flows secretly and is discharged. That is why the sages only taught people to gather the heart and nourish the heart — the meaning is subtle.

Clinical note임상 주석

The chapter's governing passage. The kidney closes and the liver opens, both have the ministerial fire, and both hang from the heart — so that when the heart is moved the essence runs without any act. 收心養心, gather the heart and nourish it, is the treatment, and it is not a medicine. Danxi's ministerial fire is the Fire chapter's; here it is what makes a thought into a discharge.

Dansim 丹心

3.9.2

Source원문

精之主宰在心, 精之藏制在腎. 心腎氣虛不能管攝, 因小便而出者曰尿精, 因見聞而出者曰漏精. 《直指》

Translation영역

The master of essence is in the heart; the storing and controlling of essence is in the kidney. Where the qi of heart and kidney is vacuous and cannot manage and hold, what comes out with the urine is called urinary essence, and what comes out on seeing and hearing is called leaking essence.

Clinical note임상 주석

Two routes named by their trigger — the urine, and the senses. 因見聞而出, coming out on seeing and hearing: emission from a sight or a sound, without touch, which 3.12.10 calls white seepage.

Jikji 直指

3.9.3

Source원문

初因君火不寧, 久則相火擅權, 精元一於走而不固, 甚則夜失連連, 日亦滑流不已, 宜服坎离丸ㆍ黃連淸心飮. 《入門》

Translation영역

At first it is from the sovereign fire not at rest; in time the ministerial fire usurps authority, the origin of essence is wholly given to running and is not secure, and at worst it is lost night after night and by day too flows slippery without cease. Kan and Li Pill and Coptis Clear the Heart Drink should be taken.

Immun 入門

3.10 Dream Discharge Belongs to the Heart 夢泄屬心

3.10.1

Source원문

直指曰, 邪客於陰, 神不守舍, 故心有所感, 夢而後泄也. 其候有三. 年少氣盛, 鰥曠矜持, 强制情慾, 不自覺知. 此泄如甁之滿而溢者, 人或有之, 勿藥可也. 心家氣虛, 不能主宰, 或心受熱邪, 陽氣不收. 此泄如甁之側而出者, 人多有之, 其病猶輕, 合用和平之劑. 藏府積弱, 眞元久虧, 心不攝念, 腎不攝精. 此泄如甁之罅而出者, 人少有之, 其病最重, 須當大作補湯.

Translation영역

The Jikji says: an evil lodging in the yin, the spirit does not keep its dwelling, and so the heart is moved by something and after a dream there is discharge. Its signs are of three kinds. Young and exuberant of qi, widowed or single and holding oneself in check, forcibly restraining desire, without being aware of it — this discharge is like a bottle full and overflowing; some people have it, and no medicine is needed. The heart's qi vacuous and unable to govern, or the heart receiving a heat evil and the yang qi not gathered — this discharge is like a bottle tipped and spilling; many people have it, the disease is still light, and mild and level preparations are suitable. The viscera and bowels long weak and the true origin long depleted, the heart not holding its thoughts and the kidney not holding its essence — this discharge is like a bottle cracked and leaking; few people have it, the disease is the gravest, and a great supplementing decoction must be made.

Clinical note임상 주석

Three bottles: full and overflowing, tipped and spilling, cracked and leaking. The Jikji's triage for nocturnal emission, and the first is not a disease — 勿藥可也, no medicine needed — because a young man who has not discharged is a bottle that has filled. The three grades map onto the chapter's formularies: nothing, then the cooling and settling formulas of 3.10, then the heavy supplements of 3.12 and 3.15.

Jikji 直指

3.10.2

Source원문

夢遺不可作虛冷, 亦有經絡熱而得之. 嘗治一人, 至夜脊心熱, 夢遺, 用珍珠粉丸, 猪苓丸, 遺止, 而終服紫雪, 脊熱始除. 淸心丸亦佳. 《本事》

Translation영역

Dream emission must not be treated as vacuity cold; some get it from heat in the channels. I once treated a man who at night had heat in the centre of the spine and dream emission; with Pearl Powder Pill and Polyporus Pill the emission stopped, and after finishing with Purple Snow the heat in the spine was at last removed. Clear the Heart Pill is also good.

Clinical note임상 주석

Xu Shuwei's case, and its point is the first sentence: 不可作虛冷, do not treat it as cold. The heat in the spine at night is the sign, and the Fire chapter's Jaseol at 5.10.2 — the strongest cold medicine in the book — is what finally cleared it.

Bonsa 本事

3.10.3

Source원문

夢遺全屬心. 盖交感之精, 雖常有一點白膜裹藏於腎, 而元精以爲此精之本者, 實在乎心. 日有所思, 夜夢而失之矣. 宜黃連淸心飮. 《入門》

Translation영역

Dream emission belongs wholly to the heart. Though the essence of intercourse is always kept as one drop wrapped in a white membrane and stored in the kidney, the origin essence that is the root of this essence is in truth in the heart. What is thought of by day is lost in a dream by night. Coptis Clear the Heart Drink is appropriate.

Clinical note임상 주석

日有所思, 夜夢而失之 — what is thought of by day is lost in a dream by night. The Dreams chapter's rule that dreams are the day's thoughts, applied to the one dream this chapter treats.

Immun 入門

3.10.4

Source원문

夢與鬼交而泄精, 名曰夢遺. 專主於熱, 用黃柏ㆍ知母ㆍ牡蠣ㆍ蛤粉. 若內傷氣血, 不能固守, 而夢遺者當補, 以八物湯加減, 呑樗根皮丸. 八物湯方見虛勞

Translation영역

Intercourse with ghosts in a dream with discharge of essence is called dream emission. It belongs wholly to heat; use phellodendron, anemarrhena, oyster shell and clam shell powder. But where internal damage to qi and blood cannot hold firm and there is dream emission, supplement — Eight Substances Decoction with additions and subtractions, and swallow Tree-of-Heaven Root Bark Pill with it. Eight Substances Decoction formula in the Vacuity Taxation chapter

Clinical note임상 주석

夢與鬼交 — intercourse with ghosts in a dream — is the tradition's name for the erotic dream, and the Women chapter's 1.36.4 gave it for the widow. The four medicinals are Jinjubun-hwan's two with the cooling pair, and Danxi's rule is 專主於熱, wholly heat.

Dansim 丹心

3.10.5

Source원문

本事曰, 年少壯者, 節慾而遺泄, 宜淸心丸ㆍ珍珠粉丸.

Translation영역

The Bonsa says: in the young and strong who restrain desire and have emission, Clear the Heart Pill and Pearl Powder Pill are appropriate.

Bonsa 本事

3.10.6

Source원문

戴氏曰, 夢遺, 精滑, 皆相火所動, 久則有虛而無寒也.

Translation영역

Master Dai says: dream emission and slippery essence are both stirred by the ministerial fire; in time there is vacuity, but never cold.

Clinical note임상 주석

久則有虛而無寒 — in time vacuity, but never cold. Dai Sigong's rule, and it is Danxi's school's: emission may empty the patient, but it never chills them, and the warming formulas of 3.12 are for a vacuity that is not a cold one.

Dae Ssi (戴氏)

3.10.7

Source원문

正傳曰, 一人夢遺形瘦, 服定志珍珠粉丸而效.

Translation영역

The Jeongjeon says: a man with dream emission and a thin form took Settle the Will Pearl Powder Pill and it took effect.

Jeongjeon 正傳

3.10.8

Source원문

固眞丹ㆍ鹿角散ㆍ保精湯ㆍ歸元散, 皆治夢交泄精.

Translation영역

Secure the Truth Elixir, Deer Antler Powder, Protect the Essence Decoction and Return to the Origin Powder all treat discharge of essence with intercourse in dreams.

Donguibogam · Jeong

3.11 Dream Discharge Also Belongs to Depression 夢泄亦屬鬱

3.11.1

Source원문

本事曰, 腎氣閉, 卽泄精. 素問曰, 腎者, 作强之官, 伎巧出焉. 又曰, 腎藏精. 盖腎能攝精氣, 以生育人倫者也. 或育或散, 皆主於腎. 今腎氣衰, 則一身之精氣, 無所管攝, 故妄行而出不時, 猪苓丸一方, 正爲此設.

Translation영역

The Bonsa says: where the kidney qi is closed, the essence discharges. The Suwen says: the kidney is the official of making strong, and skill and craft issue from it. It also says: the kidney stores essence. The kidney can hold the essential qi and so engender and rear the human line; whether it rears or scatters is governed by the kidney. Now where the kidney qi declines, the essential qi of the whole body has nothing to manage and hold it, and so it moves recklessly and comes out at no fixed time. The formula Polyporus Pill was set up precisely for this.

Clinical note임상 주석

腎氣閉, 卽泄精 — where the kidney is closed, the essence discharges. The paradox the section is built on: a blocked kidney leaks, and the treatment is to open it. Jeoryeong-hwan is the formula, and 3.10.1's first bottle — the young man too full — is the patient.

Bonsa 本事

3.11.2

Source원문

綱目曰, 夢遺屬鬱滯者, 居太半, 庸醫不知其鬱, 但用澁劑固脫, 殊不知愈澁愈鬱, 其病反甚. 嘗治一男子, 夢遺白濁, 小腹有氣衝上, 每日腰熱, 卯作酉涼, 腰熱作則手足冷, 前陰無氣, 腰熱退則前陰氣耕, 手足溫. 又朝多下氣, 暮多噫氣, 一旬二旬必遺. 脉且弦滑而大, 午則洪大. 予知其有鬱滯, 先用沈香和中丸下之方見痰飮, 次用加減八味湯方見五藏, 呑滋腎丸方見小便百丸. 若與澁藥則遺與濁反甚, 或一夜再遺, 改用導赤散方見五藏大劑煎服, 遺濁皆止.

Translation영역

The Gangmok says: dream emission that belongs to depression and stagnation makes up the greater half, and common physicians, not knowing it is depression, only use astringent preparations to secure what deserts — not knowing at all that the more astringent, the more depressed, and the disease grows worse. I once treated a man with dream emission and white turbidity, qi surging up in the lower abdomen, and heat in the lumbus every day, arising at the myo hour and cooling at the yu; when the lumbar heat arose the hands and feet were cold and the front yin without qi, and when it retreated the front yin had qi and the hands and feet were warm. Also, in the morning he passed much wind and in the evening belched much, and every ten or twenty days he was sure to have an emission. His pulse was stringlike, slippery and large, and at noon surging and large. I knew he had depression and stagnation, and first used Aloeswood Harmonize the Centre Pill to purge him formula in the Phlegm chapter, then Modified Eight Flavours Decoction formula in the Five Viscera chapter with a hundred Enrich the Kidney Pills swallowed with it formula in the Urine chapter. When astringent medicines were given, the emission and turbidity grew worse instead, sometimes twice in a night; changing to Guide Out the Red Powder formula in the Five Viscera chapter in a large dose decocted and taken, the emission and turbidity both stopped.

Clinical note임상 주석

愈澁愈鬱 — the more astringent, the more depressed. Lou Ying's case against the whole of 3.5 and 3.12: half of dream emission is blockage, and locking a blocked man makes him worse. The case is given with its clock — hot lumbus at dawn, cool at dusk, wind in the morning and belching at night — and the cure was a purgative followed by a diuretic. The passage is the chapter's most important qualification of itself, and the Gangmok's 居太半, the greater half, is a strong claim.

Gangmok 綱目

3.11.3

Source원문

又一男子夢遺, 醫與澁藥反甚, 先與神芎丸方見五藏大下之, 却服此猪苓丸亦痊. 可見夢遺屬鬱滯者多矣.

Translation영역

Another man had dream emission, and the physician's astringent medicines made it worse; he was first given Spirit Chuanxiong Pill formula in the Five Viscera chapter to purge him greatly, then took this Polyporus Pill and was likewise cured. It can be seen that dream emission belonging to depression and stagnation is common.

Gangmok 綱目

3.12 Slippery Essence and Desertion Belong to Vacuity 精滑脫屬虛

3.12.1

Source원문

仲景曰, 失精家, 小腹弦急, 陰頭寒, 目眩髮落, 脉極虛芤遲, 爲淸穀, 亡血, 失精. 男子失精, 女人夢交, 桂枝龍骨牡蠣湯主之.

Translation영역

Zhongjing says: in one who loses essence, the lower abdomen is tense and tight, the head of the penis cold, the eyes dizzy and the hair falling, and the pulse extremely vacuous, hollow and slow — this is undigested food in the stool, blood lost and essence lost. For a man losing essence and a woman with intercourse in dreams, Cinnamon Twig, Dragon Bone and Oyster Shell Decoction governs it.

Clinical note임상 주석

The Jingui's full indication for the formula registered at 3.12.3, and it is a picture of exhaustion — cold genitals, hair loss, dizziness, a hollow slow pulse. 女人夢交, a woman with intercourse in dreams, is the female half, and the Women chapter's 1.36 has her.

Junggyeong 仲景

3.12.2

Source원문

靈樞曰, 恐懼而不解則傷精, 精傷則骨痠痿厥, 精時自下. 又曰, 精脫者耳聾.

Translation영역

The Lingshu says: fear that is not resolved damages the essence; the essence damaged, the bones ache and there is wilting and reversal, and the essence comes down of itself from time to time. It also says: where the essence has deserted, the ears are deaf.

Clinical note임상 주석

Fear as the cause — the Qi chapter's 4.15.1 said fear sends the qi down, and here it sends the essence down with it. Deafness as the sign of essence gone is the Ears chapter's foundation.

Yeongchu 靈樞

3.12.3

Source원문

內經曰, 思想無窮, 所願不得, 意淫於外, 入房太甚, 宗筋弛縱, 發爲筋痿, 及爲白淫. 夫腎藏天一, 以慳爲事, 志意內治, 則精全而澁. 若思想外淫, 房室太甚, 則固有淫泆不守, 輒隨溲尿而下. 然本於筋痿者, 以宗筋弛縱也. 《謙甫》

Translation영역

The Neijing says: thought without end, wishes unattained, the mind lewd without, intercourse past measure — the ancestral sinew slackens, and it breaks out as sinew wilting and as white seepage. The kidney stores heaven's one and takes stinginess as its business; where the will is ordered within, the essence is whole and held. But where thought is lewd without and the bedchamber past measure, there is naturally a seeping and leaking that is not held, and it comes down at once with the urine. That it is rooted in sinew wilting is because the ancestral sinew has slackened.

Clinical note임상 주석

The Suwen's passage on 白淫 with Luo Tianyi's gloss, and 以慳爲事 — the kidney takes stinginess as its business — is the gloss's contribution. The kidney is a miser, and it keeps essence by not giving. 宗筋, the ancestral sinew, is the penis, and 筋痿 its wilting.

Gyeombo 謙甫

3.12.4

Source원문

又曰, 慾心一動, 精隨念去, 凝滯久則莖中痒痛, 常如欲小便, 然或從小便而出, 或不從便出而自流者, 謂之遺精. 比之夢遺尤甚, 八物湯加減, 呑珍珠粉丸方見上.

Translation영역

It also says: the moment desire stirs, the essence goes with the thought; congealed and stagnant long, the penis itches and pains within, constantly as though wanting to urinate, and it may come out with the urine or flow of itself without urination — this is called seminal emission. Compared with dream emission it is worse. Eight Substances Decoction with additions and subtractions, with Pearl Powder Pill swallowed formula above.

Gyeombo 謙甫

3.12.5

Source원문

少時慾過, 陽脫而遺泄者, 宜金鎻正元丹方見小便ㆍ秘眞丹. 《入門》

Translation영역

Where excess of desire in youth has deserted the yang and there is emission, Gold Lock Correct the Origin Elixir formula in the Urine chapter and Secret Truth Elixir are appropriate.

Immun 入門

3.12.6

Source원문

精滑專主濕熱, 用黃柏ㆍ知母ㆍ牡蠣ㆍ蛤粉. 《丹溪》

Translation영역

Slippery essence belongs wholly to damp heat; use phellodendron, anemarrhena, oyster shell and clam shell powder.

Clinical note임상 주석

Danxi's four medicinals again — the same four as 3.10.4 for dream emission — and the section's title says vacuity while Danxi says damp heat. The Bogam sets the two side by side, and 3.14 gives damp heat its own section.

Danggye 丹溪

3.12.7

Source원문

一人虛而泄精, 脉弦大, 服諸藥不效, 後用五倍子一兩, 白茯苓二兩爲丸, 服之良愈. 五倍澁脫之功, 敏於龍骨蛤粉也. 《綱目》

Translation영역

A man was vacuous and discharged essence, the pulse stringlike and large, and no medicine took effect; afterward gallnut 1 nyang and white poria 2 nyang were made into pills, and taking them he recovered well. Gallnut's power to astringe what deserts is quicker than dragon bone or clam shell.

Clinical note임상 주석

Gallnut over dragon bone — the Gangmok's ranking of astringents, and the Blood chapter's Munhap-san at 1.20 used gallnut for the same reason on a bleeding tongue. Two medicinals, and the case is recorded because nothing else had worked.

Gangmok 綱目

3.12.8

Source원문

童男陽盛, 情動於中, 志有所慕而不得, 遂成夜夢而遺精, 愼不可補, 淸心乃安, 朝服淸心蓮子飮方見消渴, 暮服定志丸方見神部. 《醫鑑》

Translation영역

Where a youth is exuberant of yang, feeling stirring within, the will yearning for something and not attaining it, so that it becomes a dream at night and the essence is lost — take care not to supplement; clear the heart and it settles. In the morning take Clear the Heart Lotus Seed Drink formula in the Wasting Thirst chapter, and in the evening Settle the Will Pill formula in the Spirit chapter.

Clinical note임상 주석

愼不可補 — take care not to supplement. The Uigam's warning for the young man, and it is the first bottle of 3.10.1 with a prescription: not the locks and not the supplements, but a cooling drink by day and a settling pill by night.

Uigam 醫鑑

3.12.9

Source원문

戴氏曰, 不因夢而自泄者, 謂之精滑, 皆相火所動也.

Translation영역

Master Dai says: discharge of itself without a dream is called slippery essence, and it is all stirred by the ministerial fire.

Clinical note임상 주석

The definition the section needed: 精滑 is discharge without a dream, as 夢泄 is discharge with one. The chapter's three conditions — dream discharge, waking discharge, white seepage — are distinguished by what precedes them.

Dae Ssi (戴氏)

3.12.10

Source원문

精滑脫, 宜巴戟丸ㆍ補眞玉露丸ㆍ固精丸ㆍ芡實丸ㆍ鎻陽丹ㆍ玉鎻丹ㆍ秘元丹ㆍ約精元ㆍ九龍丹, 皆可選用.

Translation영역

For slippery essence and desertion, Morinda Pill, Supplement the Truth Jade Dew Pill, Secure the Essence Pill, Euryale Seed Pill, Lock the Yang Elixir, Jade Lock Elixir, Secret Origin Elixir, Restrain the Essence Pill and Nine Dragons Elixir may all be chosen and used.

Donguibogam · Jeong

3.13 White Seepage 白淫

3.13.1

Source원문

內經曰, 思想無窮, 所願不得, 或入房太甚, 宗筋弛縱, 發爲筋痿, 及爲白淫.

Translation영역

The Neijing says: thought without end, wishes unattained, or intercourse past measure — the ancestral sinew slackens, and it breaks out as sinew wilting and as white seepage.

Clinical note임상 주석

The Suwen's line for the third time in the chapter, now as the section's own heading. 白淫 is the essence that seeps without arousal or dream, and the Neijing's cause is either unfulfilled longing or excess.

Naegyeong 內經

3.13.2

Source원문

張子和曰, 莖中作痛, 痛極則痒, 或陰莖挺縱不收, 或出白物如精, 隨溲而下, 得之於房室勞傷, 及邪術所使. 宜以降心火之劑下之. 宜服瀉心湯方見火熱ㆍ淸心蓮子飮方見消渴.

Translation영역

Zhang Zihe says: pain within the penis, and at the extreme of pain itching; or the penis erect and not subsiding; or something white like essence coming out with the urine — got from sexual taxation, and from the workings of evil arts. It should be purged with preparations that downbear the heart fire. Drain the Heart Decoction formula in the Fire chapter and Clear the Heart Lotus Seed Drink formula in the Wasting Thirst chapter should be taken.

Clinical note임상 주석

陰莖挺縱不收 — the penis erect and not subsiding — is priapism, and Zhang Congzheng lists it among the signs. 邪術所使, the workings of evil arts, is the tradition's name for what is now read as a psychosexual cause. The treatment is the Fire chapter's, downward. **Persistent erection is a urological emergency. A urethral discharge requires investigation for infection.**

Jahwa 子和

3.13.3

Source원문

白淫, 宜珍珠粉丸方見上ㆍ金箔丸ㆍ白龍丸.

Translation영역

For white seepage, Pearl Powder Pill formula above, Gold Leaf Pill and White Dragon Pill are appropriate.

Donguibogam · Jeong

3.13.4

Source원문

白淫, 宜與精滑脫條同參, 治之.

Translation영역

White seepage should be treated in consultation with the section on slippery essence and desertion.

Donguibogam · Jeong

3.14 Damp Phlegm Seeping Makes Seminal Emission 濕痰滲爲遺精

3.14.1

Source원문

宜服加味二陳湯, 及樗根白皮丸. 《醫鑑》

Translation영역

Augmented Two Matured Ingredients Decoction and Tree-of-Heaven Root White Bark Pill should be taken.

Clinical note임상 주석

One line, and it is Danxi's 3.12.6 given a section of its own: emission as damp heat rather than vacuity, treated with the phlegm formula and a spleen-lifting pill. The section's shortness says the reading was held but not elaborated.

Uigam 醫鑑

3.15 Medicines and Foods for Supplementing Essence 補精藥餌

3.15.1

Source원문

宜服人參固本丸ㆍ瓊玉膏ㆍ斑龍丸ㆍ地黃元ㆍ延年益壽不老丹ㆍ延齡固本丹ㆍ固眞飮子.

Translation영역

Ginseng Secure the Root Pill, Precious Jade Paste, Spotted Dragon Pill, Rehmannia Pill, Extend the Years, Increase Longevity, Never Age Elixir, Extend the Age and Secure the Root Elixir and Secure the Truth Drink should be taken.

Clinical note임상 주석

Seven supplements, and all but one are the Body chapter's — the formulas for the old, taken for months. 藥餌, medicines and foods, is the section's word, and 3.8 said the food was the better of the two.

Donguibogam · Jeong

3.16 Simple Medicinals 單方

3.16.1

Source원문

凡二十一種.

Translation영역

Twenty-one kinds in all.

Clinical note임상 주석

Twenty-one simples, and the list is the chapter's formulary in its parts — rehmannia, cuscuta, cistanche, schisandra, fleeceflower, poria, lycium, Cherokee rose, cornus, oyster shell, mantis egg case, silkworm moth, dragonfly, euryale, rubus, sesame, leek seed, dragon bone, deer velvet, dog meat and seal's kidney. The last is the aphrodisiac of the Korean coast, and the Bogam includes it for the essence it was held to supply.

Donguibogam · Jeong

3.17 Guiding and Stretching Methods 導引法

3.17.1

Source원문

治遺精, 以手兜托外腎, 一手摩擦臍輪, 左右輪換, 久久擦之, 不惟可以止精, 且可以補下元. 更擦腎兪, 胸前, 脇下, 湧泉, 但心窩忌擦. 《入門》

Translation영역

To treat seminal emission, cup the outer kidney in one hand and rub the ring of the navel with the other, changing left and right, and rub long; it can not only stop the essence but supplement the lower origin. Also rub Sinsu (腎兪, BL23), the front of the chest, below the ribs and Yongcheon (湧泉, KI1); only the pit of the stomach must not be rubbed.

Clinical note임상 주석

3.7.1's midnight practice as a daytime one, with four more places to rub and one to leave alone. 心窩忌擦, do not rub the pit of the stomach — the one prohibition, and it is the heart's region.

Immun 入門

3.17.2

Source원문

又法, 止遺精, 用短床或蒲蘿內, 側身曲腿而臥, 不許伸脚, 病自安. 《回春》

Translation영역

Another method to stop seminal emission: in a short bed or a rush basket, lie on the side with the legs bent, not allowing the feet to stretch out, and the illness settles of itself.

Clinical note임상 주석

A bed too short to straighten the legs in — the Hoechun's mechanical cure, and the reasoning is that a man curled on his side does not have the dreams a man on his back does. The Women chapter's 1.21.3 said the opposite for labour: lie flat and straight.

Hoechun 回春

3.17.3

Source원문

又法, 夜半子時分, 陽正興時, 仰臥, 瞑目, 閉口, 舌頂上㬽, 將腰拱起, 用左手中指, 頂住尾閭穴, 用右手大指, 頂住無名指根拳着. 又將兩腿俱伸, 兩脚十指俱摳, 提起一口氣, 心中存想, 脊背腦後, 上貫至頂門, 慢慢直下, 至丹田. 方將腰腿手脚, 從容放下. 如再行照前而陽衰矣. 如陽未衰, 再行兩三遍. 此法不惟速去泄精之疾, 久則水火旣濟, 永無疾病矣. 《回春》

Translation영역

Another method: at the ja hour in the middle of the night, when the yang is just rising, lie on the back, close the eyes, close the mouth, set the tongue against the palate, arch the waist up, press the middle finger of the left hand against the coccyx point, and press the thumb of the right hand against the root of the ring finger with the fist closed. Then stretch both legs, curl all ten toes, draw in one breath, and in the heart imagine it passing up the spine and behind the brain to the crown, then slowly straight down to the cinnabar field. Then let waist, legs, hands and feet down at ease. Doing it again as before, the yang subsides. If the yang has not yet subsided, do it two or three times more. This method not only quickly removes the disease of discharging essence; in time water and fire are already crossed, and there is never any illness.

Clinical note임상 주석

The Daoist microcosmic orbit — the breath drawn up the spine and down the front — applied to an erection at midnight, with the coccyx pressed and the toes curled. 尾閭, the coccyx, is where the tradition placed the gate through which essence leaves, and the finger holds it shut. The chapter's last practice is its most detailed, and 水火旣濟 — water and fire crossed, the Yi's hexagram of completion — is what it promises.

Hoechun 回春

3.18 Acupuncture and Moxibustion Methods 鍼灸法

3.18.1

Source원문

遺精夢泄, 心兪ㆍ白環兪ㆍ膏肓兪ㆍ腎兪ㆍ中極ㆍ關元等穴, 或鍼, 或灸. 《綱目》

Translation영역

For seminal emission and dream discharge, Simsu (心兪, BL15), Baekhwansu (白環兪, BL30), Gohwangsu (膏肓兪, BL43), Sinsu (腎兪, BL23), Junggeuk (中極, CV3) and Gwanwon (關元, CV4), needled or moxaed.

Clinical note임상 주석

Heart and kidney transport points together — the chapter's rule that emission belongs to both organs, in points. Baekhwansu, the white ring, is the point the tradition names for seminal loss specifically.

Gangmok 綱目

3.18.2

Source원문

失精精溢, 中極ㆍ大赫ㆍ然谷ㆍ太衝等穴, 皆主之. 《綱目》

Translation영역

For loss of essence and essence overflowing, Junggeuk (中極, CV3), Daehyeok (大赫, KI12), Yeongok (然谷, KI2) and Taechung (太衝, LR3) all govern it.

Gangmok 綱目

3.18.3

Source원문

虛勞失精, 宜取大赫ㆍ中封. 《綱目》

Translation영역

For loss of essence in vacuity taxation, take Daehyeok (大赫, KI12) and Jungbong (中封, LR4).

Gangmok 綱目

3.18.4

Source원문

遺精, 五藏虛竭, 灸曲骨端一穴, 四七壯. 穴在前陰橫骨中央, 曲如月中央是也. 《綱目》

Translation영역

For seminal emission with the five viscera vacuous and exhausted, moxa the point at the end of Gokgol (曲骨, CV2), twenty-eight cones. The point is at the centre of the pubic bone above the genitals, where it curves like the middle of the moon.

Clinical note임상 주석

Gokgol is the pubic symphysis, and the Gangmok locates it by its curve — 曲如月, curved like the moon. The lowest point on the midline, and the chapter moxas it for the emptiest case.

Gangmok 綱目

3.18.5

Source원문

便濁, 失精, 取腎兪. 夢泄精, 取三陰交, 各灸二七壯神效. 《得效》

Translation영역

For turbid urine and loss of essence, take Sinsu (腎兪, BL23). For discharge of essence in dreams, take Sameumgyo (三陰交, SP6). Moxa each fourteen cones, with spirit-like effect.

Clinical note임상 주석

Two points and fourteen cones each, and the chapter ends on Sameumgyo — the crossing of the three yin, and the point the Women chapter's acupuncture used most. Essence, the Inner Landscape's first substance, is treated at the same point as the womb.

Deukhyo 得效

About this translation 凡例

Base text: Donguibogam (東醫寶鑑, 1613 first edition), Inner Landscape, Volume 1, Essence chapter. The Chinese text is collated against the public-domain Wikisource transcription and a printed edition; original character forms (脉, 人參) are retained. Terminology follows Wiseman & Feng, A Practical Dictionary of Chinese Medicine. Translation and clinical notes are original to this site. — Eui Young (Justin) Chung, L.Ac., Dipl. O.M.