寶鑑Bogam

Formulas · Text · Donguibogam 東醫寶鑑

The Spleen

Bijang

한글 비장  ·  Pinyin Pi Zang

The helper of the stomach and the remonstrating minister — a horse's hoof wrapped round the stomach, ruling late summer and earth, thought and the mouth, the flesh and the lips, and the centre the Daoists call the Yellow Court

脾臟

The third organ chapter. The spleen is shaped like a horse's hoof, or a sickle, wrapped round the mouth of the stomach; it weighs two geun three nyang and has half a geun of scattered paste attached to it, which is the pancreas; and it sits at the exact centre of the body, three chon six pun below the heart and the same above the kidney, in the place the Daoists call the Yellow Court. The name itself is glossed as 俾, helper — the spleen helps the stomach's qi, and where the stomach receives, the spleen grinds. It rules late summer and the last month of every season, the days mu and gi, earth and damp and the colour yellow, the mouth and the lips and the flesh, thought and saliva and song. Its injury is food and toil, and it is the remonstrating minister: when the heart wants to eat and the spleen cannot digest, one dares not. Its disease is a distended belly and heavy limbs and the wish to lie down; its vacuity is limbs that will not work, its repletion a belly that will not pass. The chapter's three formulas are two to warm the cold spleen and one to cool the hot, and the treatment rule is bitterness to dry it and sweetness to relax it. The signs of its end are a philtrum that swells and lips that turn out.

4.1 The Form of the Spleen 脾形象

4.1.1
Source원문

脾形象馬蹄, 內包胃脘, 象土形也. 經絡之氣, 交歸于中, 以營運眞靈之氣, 意之舍也. 《內經註》

Translation영역
The spleen is shaped like a horse's hoof, wrapping the stomach cavity within, in the image of earth. The qi of the channels and network vessels meet and return to the centre, and it moves the true numinous qi. It is the house of the intent.

Naegyeong-ju 內經註

4.1.2
Source원문

脾形扁似馬蹄, 又如刀鎌. 《入門》

Translation영역
The spleen is flat, like a horse's hoof, or like a sickle.

Immun 入門

4.1.3
Source원문

脾重二斤三兩, 扁廣三寸, 長五寸, 有散膏半斤, 主裹血, 溫五藏, 主藏意. 《難經》

Translation영역
The spleen weighs two geun three nyang, is flat and three chon broad and five chon long, has half a geun of scattered paste, governs the wrapping of blood and the warming of the five viscera, and governs the storing of the intent.
Clinical note임상 주석
散膏半斤, half a geun of scattered paste — the pancreas, which the tradition saw lying along the spleen and counted as part of it. 主裹血, governing the wrapping of blood, is the Nanjing's phrase for what the Blood chapter's 1.1 called making blood from grain, and the Bogam's spleen is both organs.

Nangyeong 難經

4.1.4
Source원문

脾者, 俾也. 在胃下, 俾助胃氣, 主化水穀也. 胃主受納, 脾主消磨. 《綱目》

Translation영역
Spleen means helper. It lies below the stomach, helps the stomach's qi, and governs the transformation of water and grain. The stomach governs receiving; the spleen governs grinding.
Clinical note임상 주석
脾 glossed by its homophone 俾, to help — the chapter's etymology, as the Qi chapter's 4.2.3 glossed 氣 by its graph. 胃主受納, 脾主消磨: the stomach takes in and the spleen grinds, which is the division of labour the whole Internal Damage chapter runs on.

Gangmok 綱目

4.2 The Position of the Spleen 脾部位

4.2.1
Source원문

脾長一尺, 掩太倉, 太倉者, 胃之上口, 卽中脘穴也. 《東垣》

Translation영역
The spleen is one cheok long and covers the great granary; the great granary is the upper mouth of the stomach, which is the point Jungwan (中脘, CV12).

Dongwon 東垣

4.2.2
Source원문

脾居中脘一寸二分, 上去心三寸六分, 下去腎三寸六分. 中間一寸二分, 名曰黃庭, 在天爲太陽, 在地爲太陰, 在人爲中黃祖氣. 道家以脾爲黃庭, 黃者中央之色, 庭者四方之中也. 脾居一身之中央, 故曰黃庭. 《入門》

Translation영역
The spleen sits one chon two pun below the centre of the stomach, three chon six pun below the heart and three chon six pun above the kidney. The one chon two pun in the middle is called the Yellow Court — in heaven it is the greater yang, on earth the greater yin, in a person the ancestral qi of the central yellow. The Daoists take the spleen as the Yellow Court: yellow is the colour of the centre, and a court is the middle of the four directions. The spleen sits at the centre of the whole body, and so it is called the Yellow Court.
Clinical note임상 주석
黃庭, the Yellow Court — the title of the Daoist classic the Body chapter's 1.9 and 1.21 cited, located here as a space one chon two pun wide between heart and kidney. The compilation principles said the book's inner landscape came from the Yellow Court Classic, and this is where the two meet: the spleen is the court.

Immun 入門

4.2.3
Source원문

脾與胃以膜相連耳. 《內經》

Translation영역
The spleen and stomach are joined only by a membrane.

Naegyeong 內經

4.2.4
Source원문

章門穴, 乃脾之募也. 直臍傍季肋端, 在背則脾兪在十一顀下, 是脾之部位也. 《銅人》

Translation영역
The point Jangmun (章門, LR13) is the spleen's alarm point, level with the navel at the end of the lowest rib; on the back, Bisu (脾兪, BL20) is below the eleventh vertebra. These are the spleen's territory.

Dongin 銅人

4.3 The Season and Days the Spleen Rules 脾主時日

4.3.1
Source원문

脾主長夏, 足太陰陽明主治, 其日戊己.

Translation영역
The spleen rules late summer; the foot greater yin and yang brightness govern its treatment; its days are mu and gi.

Naegyeong 內經

4.3.2
Source원문

中央生濕, 濕生土, 土生甘, 甘生脾.

Translation영역
The centre engenders damp, damp engenders earth, earth engenders sweetness, and sweetness engenders the spleen.

Naegyeong 內經

4.3.3
Source원문

脾屬土, 主長夏及四季. 《內經》

Translation영역
The spleen belongs to earth, and rules late summer and the last month of each of the four seasons.
Clinical note임상 주석
The spleen's season is the one the other four share — late summer, and the eighteen days at the end of each season when earth governs the change. The Body chapter's 1.14 gave the four seasons; the spleen sits between them.

Naegyeong 內經

4.4 The Things That Belong to the Spleen 脾屬物類

4.4.1
Source원문

在天爲濕, 在地爲土, 在卦爲坤, 在體爲肉, 在藏爲脾, 在色爲黃, 在音爲宮, 在聲爲歌, 在變動爲噦, 在竅爲口, 在味爲甘, 在志爲思, 其液爲涎, 其榮爲脣, 其臭爲香, 其數爲五, 其穀爲稷, 其畜爲牛, 其蟲爲倮, 其果爲棗, 其菜爲葵, 其脉爲足太陰. 《內經》

Translation영역
In heaven it is damp, on earth earth, in the trigrams gon, in the body the flesh, among the viscera the spleen, in colour yellow, in the notes gung, in sounds song, in change hiccup, in the orifices the mouth, in flavours sweet, in the minds thought; its fluid is saliva, its bloom the lips, its odour fragrant, its number five, its grain millet, its animal the ox, its creatures the naked, its fruit the jujube, its vegetable mallow, and its channel the foot greater yin.
Clinical note임상 주석
The spleen's column. 在志爲思, thought — the Essence chapter's 3.10.1 and the Qi chapter's 4.15.1 both said thought binds the qi, and this is the organ it binds. 其榮爲脣, the lips: the spleen shows on the mouth, and 4.5 reads its size from them.

Naegyeong 內經

4.5 The Size of the Spleen 脾臟大小

4.5.1
Source원문

脾者, 主爲衛, 使之迎糧. 視脣舌好惡, 以知吉凶.

Translation영역
The spleen is the guard, sent to receive the provisions. Look at whether the lips and tongue are good or ill to know good fortune from bad.

Yeongchu 靈樞

4.5.2
Source원문

黃色小理者脾小, 麄理者脾大. 揭脣者脾高, 脣下縱者脾下. 脣堅者脾堅, 脣大而不堅者脾脆. 脣上下好者脾端正, 脣偏擧者脾偏傾也.

Translation영역
A yellow complexion with fine skin-grain means a small spleen, with coarse grain a large one. Lips turned up mean a high spleen; a lower lip hanging loose, a low one. Firm lips mean a firm spleen; large lips that are not firm, a brittle one. Upper and lower lips well matched mean an upright spleen; a lip raised on one side, a tilted one.

Yeongchu 靈樞

4.5.3
Source원문

脾小則藏安難傷于邪, 脾大則苦湊䏚而痛, 不能疾行. 脾高則䏚引季脇而痛, 脾下則下加于大腸, 藏苦受邪. 脾堅則藏安難傷, 脾脆則善病消癉. 脾端正則和利難傷, 脾偏傾則善滿善脹也. 《靈樞》

Translation영역
A small spleen is at ease and hard for evil to injure; a large one crowds the soft flank and pains, so that one cannot walk fast. A high spleen draws the soft flank to the lowest ribs and pains; a low one presses down on the large intestine, and the viscus suffers the evil. A firm spleen is at ease and hard to injure; a brittle one is prone to wasting thirst. An upright spleen is harmonious and hard to injure; a tilted one is given to fullness and distension.
Clinical note임상 주석
The spleen read from the lips, as the liver was from the ribs and the heart from the xiphoid. 不能疾行 — cannot walk fast — for the large spleen, and an enlarged spleen does drag at the flank. 消癉, wasting thirst, for the brittle one is diabetes for the third time, and the tradition put it in the spleen as much as the kidney.

Yeongchu 靈樞

4.6 The Patterns of Spleen Injury 脾傷證

4.6.1
Source원문

有所擊仆, 若醉飽入房, 汗出當風則傷脾. 《靈樞》

Translation영역
A blow or a fall, or entering the bedchamber drunk and full, or sweating and facing the wind, injures the spleen.

Yeongchu 靈樞

4.6.2
Source원문

飮食勞倦則傷脾. 《難經》

Translation영역
Food and drink, toil and weariness injure the spleen.
Clinical note임상 주석
飮食勞倦 — the four graphs the Internal Damage chapter is named for. Dongwon's whole system rests on this line: the spleen is hurt by what is eaten and by how hard one works, and Bojungikgi-tang is the answer to both.

Nangyeong 難經

4.6.3
Source원문

脾爲諫議大夫. 盖飮食, 人之大慾, 心所欲食, 而脾不能化, 則不敢食, 故名爲諫議也. 《入門》

Translation영역
The spleen is the Grand Master of Remonstrance. Food and drink are a person's great desire; where the heart wishes to eat and the spleen cannot digest, one does not dare to eat — hence the name of remonstrator.
Clinical note임상 주석
The Body chapter's 1.8.2 made the spleen and stomach the granary; the Immun gives the spleen a second office. 諫議大夫 was the court official whose duty was to tell the emperor no, and the spleen tells the heart no when it wants to eat. Appetite is the heart's; the refusal is the spleen's.

Immun 入門

4.7 The Patterns of Spleen Disease 脾病證

4.7.1
Source원문

邪在脾胃, 則病肌肉痛. 陽氣有餘陰氣不足, 則熱中善飢, 陽氣不足陰氣有餘, 則寒中腸鳴腹痛. 《靈樞》

Translation영역
Where the evil is in the spleen and stomach, the disease is pain in the flesh. Where the yang qi is in surplus and the yin insufficient, there is heat in the centre with ready hunger; where the yang is insufficient and the yin in surplus, there is cold in the centre with rumbling of the intestines and abdominal pain.
Clinical note임상 주석
Hot spleen eats and cold spleen aches — the Lingshu's split, and 4.10's three formulas follow it: Sahwang-san for the hot, Ikhwang-san and Bobi-tang for the cold.

Yeongchu 靈樞

4.7.2
Source원문

外證, 面黃, 善噫, 善思, 善味, 內證, 當臍有動氣, 按之牢若痛, 其病腹脹滿, 食不消, 體重節痛, 怠惰嗜臥, 四肢不收, 有是者脾也, 無是者非也. 《難經》

Translation영역
The outer signs are a yellow face, much belching, much thought and a keen sense of taste; the inner sign is stirring qi at the navel, firm under pressure and painful. Its disease is distension and fullness of the abdomen, food not digesting, heaviness of the body and aching joints, sluggishness and a love of lying down, and the four limbs not gathering. Where these are present it is the spleen; where they are absent it is not.
Clinical note임상 주석
The Nanjing's test for the spleen, and the pulsation is at the navel itself — the liver's was left of it, the heart's above. 怠惰嗜臥, sluggish and wanting to lie down, is the spleen's temperament in disease, and 4.10.7 forbids it what it wants.

Nangyeong 難經

4.7.3
Source원문

大骨枯槁, 大肉陷下, 胸中氣滿, 喘息不便, 內痛引肩項, 身熱, 脫肉破䐃, 眞藏見, 十月之內死. 註曰, 此脾之藏也. 期後三百日內死.

Translation영역
The great bones withered, the great muscles sunken, the chest full of qi, the breath laboured, pain within drawing to shoulder and neck, fever, the flesh deserting and the muscle-masses broken — the true viscus appearing, death within ten months. The commentary says: this is the spleen as a viscus; death within three hundred days after.
Clinical note임상 주석
Ten months for the spleen, where the liver had a season and the heart thirty days. 脫肉 破䐃, the flesh deserting — the spleen rules the flesh, and its final disease is wasting.

Naegyeong 內經

4.7.4
Source원문

肝傳之脾, 病名曰脾風, 發癉, 腹中熱, 煩心, 出黃.

Translation영역
Where the liver passes it to the spleen, the disease is named spleen wind — it breaks out as jaundice, with heat in the abdomen, vexation of the heart and yellow discharge.
Clinical note임상 주석
Wood overcoming earth, and the sign is jaundice. The Medicine Use chapter's 5.16 — see liver disease, secure the spleen first — is meant to stop this passage, and the Jaundice chapter treats it when it has not been stopped.

Naegyeong 內經

4.7.5
Source원문

脾熱者, 色黃而肉蠕動. 《內經》

Translation영역
Where the spleen is hot, the complexion is yellow and the flesh twitches.

Naegyeong 內經

4.8 Vacuity and Repletion in Spleen Disease 脾病虛實

4.8.1
Source원문

脾藏營, 營舍意. 脾氣虛, 則四肢不用, 五藏不安, 實則, 腹脹涇溲不利. 註曰, 涇, 大便也, 溲, 小便也. 《靈樞》

Translation영역
The spleen stores the construction, and the construction houses the intent. Where the spleen qi is vacuous the four limbs do not work and the five viscera are unquiet; where it is replete the abdomen distends and stool and urine do not pass. The commentary says: 涇 is the stool, and 溲 the urine.
Clinical note임상 주석
Limbs or bowel — the spleen's pair. Empty, the limbs fail, because the spleen feeds them; full, the belly blocks, because the spleen has stopped moving. The Ojangyukbu chapter's 1.24 gave the middle qi's deficiency as changes in stool and urine.

Yeongchu 靈樞

4.8.2
Source원문

脾實, 則身重, 善肌, 肉痿, 足不收, 行善瘛, 脚下痛, 虛則腹滿, 腸鳴, 飱泄, 食不化.

Translation영역
Where the spleen is replete the body is heavy, there is ready hunger, the flesh wilts, the feet do not gather, walking is given to spasm, and the soles ache; where it is vacuous the abdomen is full, the intestines rumble, there is undigested diarrhoea and food does not transform.

Naegyeong 內經

4.8.3
Source원문

脾有餘則腹脹涇溲不利, 不足則四肢不用. 《內經》

Translation영역
Where the spleen is in surplus the abdomen distends and stool and urine do not pass; where it is insufficient the four limbs do not work.

Naegyeong 內經

4.9 Remission and Worsening of Spleen Disease 脾病間甚

4.9.1
Source원문

病在脾, 愈在秋, 秋不愈, 甚於春, 春不死, 持於夏, 起於長夏.

Translation영역
Where the disease is in the spleen it heals in autumn; if it does not heal in autumn it worsens in spring; if it does not kill in spring it holds in summer and rises in late summer.

Naegyeong 內經

4.9.2
Source원문

脾病者, 愈在庚辛, 庚辛不愈, 加於甲乙, 甲乙不死, 持於丙丁, 起於戊己.

Translation영역
Spleen disease heals on gyeong and sin days; if it does not heal on gyeong and sin it worsens on gap and eul; if it does not kill on gap and eul it holds on byeong and jeong and rises on mu and gi.

Naegyeong 內經

4.9.3
Source원문

脾病者, 日昳慧, 日出甚, 下晡靜. 《內經》

Translation영역
Spleen disease is clear in the early afternoon, worse at sunrise, and quiet in the late afternoon.
Clinical note임상 주석
Earth's clock: autumn and metal ease it, spring and wood worsen it, summer and fire hold it, late summer and earth stir it. Worst at sunrise, which is wood's hour.

Naegyeong 內經

4.10 The Treatment of Spleen Disease 脾病治法

4.10.1
Source원문

脾苦濕, 急食苦以燥之. 脾欲緩, 急食甘以緩之. 《內經》

Translation영역
The spleen suffers from damp; quickly eat bitter things to dry it. The spleen wishes to be relaxed; quickly eat sweet things to relax it.
Clinical note임상 주석
Bitter to dry, sweet to relax — the spleen's rules, and the two medicinals of 4.10.2 embody them: atractylodes and licorice, which is the pair Sagunja-tang is built on.

Naegyeong 內經

4.10.2
Source원문

脾苦濕, 是有餘, 宜白朮, 脾欲緩, 是不足, 宜甘草. 以甘補之, 人參, 以苦瀉之, 黃連.

Translation영역
The spleen suffering from damp is surplus — white atractylodes is suitable. The spleen wishing to be relaxed is insufficiency — licorice is suitable. Supplement with sweetness, ginseng; drain with bitterness, coptis.

Dongwon 東垣

4.10.3
Source원문

脾虛以甘草ㆍ大棗之類補之, 脾實, 以枳實瀉之.

Translation영역
Supplement spleen vacuity with licorice, jujube and their kind; drain spleen repletion with immature bitter orange.

Dongwon 東垣

4.10.4
Source원문

脾虛, 宜用益黃散ㆍ補脾湯, 脾實, 宜用瀉黃散ㆍ調胃承氣湯方見傷寒. 《東垣》

Translation영역
For spleen vacuity, Boost the Yellow Powder and Supplement the Spleen Decoction are used; for spleen repletion, Drain the Yellow Powder and Regulate the Stomach Order the Qi Decoction formula in the Cold Damage chapter.
Clinical note임상 주석
Two warming and two cooling, and the fourth is Zhongjing's mild purgative — a full spleen is a blocked one, by 4.8, and the Purging chapter's Jowiseunggi-tang is the answer.

Dongwon 東垣

4.10.5
Source원문

脾病, 宜食醎, 大豆ㆍ豕肉ㆍ栗ㆍ藿, 皆醎. 取其所勝之味也. 《內經》

Translation영역
In spleen disease it is suitable to eat salty things — soybean, pork, chestnut and bean-leaf — all salty, taking the flavour of what it overcomes.
Clinical note임상 주석
Salt is water's flavour, and earth overcomes water. The liver at 2.10 ate the flavour that relaxed it and the heart at 3.11 the one that gathered it; the spleen eats the flavour of the phase it controls.

Naegyeong 內經

4.10.6
Source원문

脾病, 宜食粳米ㆍ牛肉ㆍ棗ㆍ葵. 取本味也. 《甲乙經》

Translation영역
In spleen disease it is suitable to eat rice, beef, jujube and mallow, taking the organ's own flavour.

Gabeulgyeong 甲乙經

4.10.7
Source원문

脾病, 禁溫食, 飽食, 濕地, 濡衣. 《內經》

Translation영역
In spleen disease, warm food, eating to fullness, damp ground and wet clothing are forbidden.
Clinical note임상 주석
Four prohibitions where the liver and heart had one — full meals and damp, which are the spleen's two enemies from 4.6.2 and 4.4. 濕地, 濡衣: sitting on wet ground and wearing wet clothes, which the Essence chapter's 3.12 also forbade for the kidney.

Naegyeong 內經

4.11 The Signs of the Spleen Expiring 脾絶候

4.11.1
Source원문

足太陰氣絶, 則脉不榮肌肉. 脣舌者, 肌肉之本也. 脉不榮則肌肉軟, 肌肉軟則舌痿人中滿, 人中滿則脣反, 脣反者, 肉先死. 甲日篤, 乙日死.

Translation영역
Where the foot greater yin's qi is cut off, the vessels do not nourish the flesh. The lips and tongue are the root of the flesh; where the vessels do not nourish, the flesh softens; where the flesh softens the tongue wilts and the philtrum swells; where the philtrum swells the lips turn out; and where the lips turn out, the flesh has died first. Grave on a gap day, death on an eul day.
Clinical note임상 주석
The philtrum swelling and the lips turning outward — the spleen's death read on the mouth, its orifice. Death on a wood day, which overcomes earth.

Yeongchu 靈樞

4.11.2
Source원문

太陰終者, 腹脹閉, 不得息, 善噫善嘔, 嘔則逆, 逆則面赤. 不逆則上下不通, 上下不通則面黑皮毛焦而終矣. 《靈樞》

Translation영역
Where the greater yin ends, the abdomen distends and blocks and one cannot breathe, there is much belching and retching; retching, there is counterflow, and with counterflow the face reddens. Without counterflow, above and below do not pass; where above and below do not pass, the face blackens and the skin and hair scorch, and it ends.

Yeongchu 靈樞

4.11.3
Source원문

脾絶十二日死一云五日, 何以知之. 口冷足腫, 腹熱臚脹, 泄利不覺出時無度. 《脉經》

Translation영역
The spleen expiring, death in twelve days one version says five — how is it known? The mouth cold and the feet swollen, the abdomen hot and the belly distended, and diarrhoea passing without one's knowing, at no set time.

Maekgyeong 脉經

4.11.4
Source원문

環口黧黑, 柔汗發黃者, 此爲脾絶. 《仲景》

Translation영역
Where the mouth is ringed with black, and a soft sweat breaks out yellow — this is the spleen expiring.
Clinical note임상 주석
Black around the mouth and a yellow sweat — Zhongjing's two signs, and both are the spleen's colour and orifice gone wrong. 柔汗, the soft sweat, is the cold sweat of collapse.

Junggyeong 仲景

4.12 The Method of Cultivating the Spleen 脾臟修養法

4.12.1
Source원문

常以季夏之月朔旦, 幷四季之末十八日旭旦, 正坐中宮, 禁氣五息, 鳴天鼓十二通, 吸坤宮之黃氣入口十二嚥之, 閉氣五十息. 《養性書》

Translation영역
Always on the first day of the last month of summer at dawn, and at sunrise on the last eighteen days of each of the four seasons, sit upright in the central palace, hold the breath for five breaths, sound the heavenly drum twelve times, breathe the yellow qi of the gon palace in through the mouth and swallow it twelve times, and hold the breath for fifty breaths.
Clinical note임상 주석
The spleen's practice has no direction to face — 正坐中宮, sit in the central palace — and it is done five times a year, in late summer and at the turn of each season. The trigram is gon and the colour yellow, and the swallowings are twelve.

Yangseongseo 養性書

4.13 The Guided Stretch for the Spleen 脾臟導引法

4.13.1
Source원문

可大坐伸一脚屈一脚, 以兩手向後反掣各三五度. 亦可跪坐, 以兩手拒地, 回顧用力虎視各三五度, 能去脾藏積聚風邪喜食. 《臞仙》

Translation영역
Sit with the legs out, stretch one leg and bend the other, and with both hands pull backward three to five times each. Or kneel, brace both hands on the ground, and turn to look back with force, glaring like a tiger, three to five times each way. This can remove accumulations in the spleen, the wind evil, and excessive appetite.
Clinical note임상 주석
虎視 — glaring like a tiger over the shoulder. Zhu Quan's stretch for the spleen twists the trunk as the liver's did, and the last thing it claims to remove is 喜食, the wish to eat too much, which 4.6.3 said the spleen is there to refuse.

Guseon 臞仙

4.14 Simple Medicinals 單方

4.14.1
Source원문

凡二十四種.

Translation영역
Twenty-four kinds in all.
Clinical note임상 주석
Twenty-four simples for the spleen — realgar, the two atractylodes, cimicifuga, amomum, agastache, clove, tetrapanax, magnolia bark, tangerine peel, jujube, dried persimmon, malt sugar, millet, old rice, glutinous rice, barley sprout, leaven, honey, beef, carp, mullet, mallow and foxtail millet. Half are grains and sweets — the spleen is the granary, and its medicines are what it stores.

Donguibogam · Bi

About this translation 凡例

Base text: Donguibogam (東醫寶鑑, 1613 first edition), Inner Landscape, Volume 3, The Spleen chapter. The Chinese text is collated against the public-domain Wikisource transcription and a printed edition; original character forms (脉, 人參) are retained. Terminology follows Wiseman & Feng, A Practical Dictionary of Chinese Medicine. Translation and clinical notes are original to this site. — Eui Young (Justin) Chung, L.Ac., Dipl. O.M.