Formulas · Text · Donguibogam 東醫寶鑑

Earths

Tobu

한글 토부 · Pinyin Tu Bu

Eighteen earths, sands and ashes — and the vernacular name of each is a description, not a name

土部

The shortest of the mineral chapters and the one furthest from a modern pharmacy. Its eighteen items are not minerals with names but places and processes: the earth under an old cooking cauldron, the soot at the mouth of a long-used hearth, the earth of a west-facing wall where the setting sun strikes it, hot sand from a river bank in the sixth month, hot dust from the middle of the road, the earth on top of a ground-wasp's nest, the ash of a blacksmith's forge, the ash of mulberry wood. Seventeen of the eighteen carry a Korean gloss in the vernacular of 1613, and every one of those glosses is a definition rather than a name — which is what makes this chapter, like 水部, a document of how a sixteenth-century Korean reader was told to find a drug rather than buy it. The chapter opens by saying why earth comes second: earth is the mother of all things.

1.1 Oven Earth 伏龍肝

Medicinal entry 오란솓미ᄐᆡ누른ᄒᆞᆰ 오랜 솥 밑의 누런 흙 the yellow earth from under an old cauldron

1.1.1

Source원문

性微温, 味辛一云醎, 無毒一云性熱微毒. 主衂血ㆍ吐血ㆍ崩漏ㆍ便血ㆍ尿血, 能止血, 消癕腫毒氣, 催生下胞, 及小兒夜啼. 《本草》

Translation영역

Its nature is slightly warm, its flavour acrid one source says salty, and it is without toxicity one source says its nature is hot and slightly toxic. It governs nosebleed, vomiting of blood, flooding and spotting, bloody stool and bloody urine. It can stanch bleeding, disperse the toxic qi of welling abscess and swelling, hasten delivery and bring down the placenta, and treat night crying in a small child.

Clinical note임상 주석

Of the eighteen earths and ashes of this part this is the one that is still in use, and the indications are why: five kinds of bleeding, and a stanching action strong enough that the drug names a formula of its own — 伏龍肝散, for unceasing flooding and spotting. The transcription writes 衂 for 衄 and 癕 for 癰, and 温 for 溫 throughout this part. 催生下胞 — hasten delivery and bring down the placenta — pairs with 百草霜 at 1.16, which carries the same obstetric indications; the two are the ash and the earth of the same stove.

Boncho 本草

1.1.2

Source원문

此是竈中對釜月下黃土也. 經十年以上竈下, 掘深一尺, 下有眞土紫色者可用. 以竈有神, 故號爲伏龍肝也. 《本草》

Translation영역

This is the yellow earth within the stove, below the moon-shaped arch that faces the cauldron. In a stove that has passed ten years or more, dig down a foot; below there is the true earth, and the purple-coloured sort may be used. Because the stove has its spirit, it is called the crouching dragon's liver.

Clinical note임상 주석

The identification clause, and the only place in this part where a drug's extravagant name is explained away: the stove has a tutelary spirit, so its earth is a dragon's liver. 對釜月 is the curved opening of the stove over which the cauldron sits — read here as the arch facing the pot, though the phrase is obscure. The ten years and the foot of depth are the real content: what is wanted is clay that has been fired slowly from below for a decade, which is what the pharmaceutical name Terra Flava Usta records. 竈中黃土 is given as another name for this drug in the project's alias table, and the clause here is where that name comes from.

Boncho 本草

1.2 Earth from the East Wall 東壁土

Medicinal entry ᄒᆡ몬져ᄧᅬᄂᆞᆫ동녁ᄇᆞᄅᆞᆷᄒᆞᆰ 해 먼저 쬐는 동녘 바람벽 흙 the earth of the east wall that the sun shines on first

1.2.1

Source원문

性平一云温, 無毒. 主治脫肛ㆍ温瘧及泄利ㆍ霍亂. 《本草》

Translation영역

Its nature is balanced one source says warm and it is without toxicity. It governs and treats prolapse of the rectum, warm malaria, and diarrhoea and dysentery, and sudden turmoil.

Boncho 本草

1.2.2

Source원문

東壁常先得曉日晎灸. 日者太陽眞火, 火生之時其氣壯, 故不取南壁而取東壁土也. 先見日光處刮取用之. 《本草》

Translation영역

The east wall is always the first to get the baking and roasting of the dawn sun. The sun is the true fire of the greater yang, and at the hour when fire is engendered its qi is vigorous; therefore one does not take the south wall but takes the earth of the east wall. Scrape it from the place that first sees the sunlight, and use it.

Clinical note임상 주석

The reasoning is cosmological and not pharmacological, and the section says so plainly: what makes this earth a drug is the hour of sun it has taken, not anything in the clay. The south wall would get more sun and stronger, but the dawn is when fire is engendered, so the east wall wins. 晎 is a rare graph for dawn light and is read here as 烘, to bake, in the compound 烘炙; the reading is not certain. 灸 stands for 炙, as elsewhere in the 湯液篇.

Boncho 本草

1.2.3

Source원문

多年被烟熏者尤好. 《入門》

Translation영역

The sort that has been smoked by many years of soot is especially good.

Clinical note임상 주석

The Immun adds a criterion that contradicts the Bencao's. The Bencao wants the wall that takes the dawn sun; the Immun wants the wall that has taken years of kitchen smoke. Both are kept without reconciling them, which is the Bogam's usual practice.

Immun 入門

1.3 Earth from the West Wall 西壁土

Medicinal entry 션녁ᄒᆡ딜제ᄧᅬᄂᆞᆫᄇᆞᄅᆞᆷᄒᆞᆰ 서녘 해 질 제 쬐는 바람벽 흙 the earth of the wall the sun shines on as it sets in the west

1.3.1

Source원문

主嘔吐ㆍ噦逆等疾, 令氣下行也. 取日西時所照壁上土用之. 《入門》

Translation영역

It governs vomiting, retching and hiccough and the like, making the qi move downward. Take the earth on the wall that the sun shines upon when the sun is in the west, and use it.

Clinical note임상 주석

The mirror of 1.2, and the pair is the argument. The east wall takes the rising sun and treats what has fallen (prolapse); the west wall takes the setting sun and treats what has risen (vomiting, hiccough). 令氣下行 states the mechanism outright. The section gives no 性味 at all — the direction of the sun is the whole of its pharmacology.

Immun 入門

1.4 Good Yellow Earth 好黃土

죠ᄒᆞᆫ누른딜ᄒᆞᆰ 좋은 누런 질흙 good yellow clay

1.4.1

Source원문

性平, 味甘, 無毒. 主泄痢赤白, 腹內熱毒絞痛. 《本草》

Translation영역

Its nature is balanced, its flavour sweet, and it is without toxicity. It governs diarrhoea and dysentery, red and white, and gripping pain from heat toxin within the abdomen.

Boncho 本草

1.4.2

Source원문

又解諸藥毒及中肉毒ㆍ合口椒毒ㆍ野菌毒. 《本草》

Translation영역

It also resolves the toxins of all medicinals, and poisoning by meat, by closed-mouth pepper, and by wild mushrooms.

Clinical note임상 주석

合口椒 is zanthoxylum fruit whose husk has not split open, held to be poisonous; the three poisonings named here are the three that the Bogam's 解毒門 treats at length. Clay as an antidote is adsorptive, and the use is not baseless — but nothing in this section should be read as a treatment for mushroom poisoning today, which is a medical emergency.

Boncho 本草

1.4.3

Source원문

亦解食牛馬肉及肝中毒. 《本草》

Translation영역

It likewise resolves poisoning from eating the flesh or the liver of cattle and horses.

Boncho 本草

1.4.4

Source원문

凡土三尺已上曰糞, 三尺已下曰土. 當去上惡物, 勿令入客水, 乃爲眞土. 《本草》

Translation영역

Of earth, what lies within three feet of the surface is called dung and what lies below three feet is called earth. One should clear away the foul matter above and not let stray water get in; only then is it the true earth.

Clinical note임상 주석

The one passage in this part that states a general rule of collection rather than a use, and it is a rule about contamination — three feet down, below the reach of surface filth and runoff. 客水 is water that has come in from outside, not the ground's own moisture.

Boncho 本草

1.4.5

Source원문

土地主歛萬物毒, 治癕疽發背及卒患急黃熱盛. 《本草》

Translation영역

The earth governs the gathering in of the toxins of all things. It treats welling abscess and flat abscess and effusion on the back, and sudden attacks of urgent jaundice with exuberant heat.

Clinical note임상 주석

土地主歛萬物毒 is the doctrinal sentence behind every antidotal use in this part, and it answers the part's own lede — earth is the mother of all things, so it takes back into itself what it has given.

Boncho 本草

1.5 Red Earth 赤土

ᄀᆞ장블근쥬토 가장 붉은 주토 the reddest red ochre

1.5.1

Source원문

止一切失血, 殺精物, 辟鬼魅. 塗牛馬辟瘟疫. 《本草》

Translation영역

It stanches every kind of blood loss, kills spirit-things and wards off ghosts and goblins. Smeared on cattle and horses it wards off epidemic pestilence.

Clinical note임상 주석

No 性味 is given. The indications are of two unlike kinds — a haemostatic and an apotropaic — and the second is the older: red earth smeared on a beast or a doorpost against pestilence is a practice, not a pharmacology. The haemostatic claim travels with the colour, as it does with 赤石脂 and 代赭石.

Boncho 本草

1.5.2

Source원문

卽今好赤土也. 《本草》

Translation영역

It is simply what is now the good red earth.

Boncho 本草

1.6 White Clay 白堊

ᄇᆡᆨ토 백토 baekto, the white earth

1.6.1

Source원문

性温一作平, 味苦辛一作甘, 無毒. 能澁腸止痢. 《本草》

Translation영역

Its nature is warm one text has balanced, its flavour bitter and acrid one text has sweet, and it is without toxicity. It can astringe the intestines and stop dysentery.

Boncho 本草

1.6.2

Source원문

一名白善土. 不可久服, 傷五藏, 令人羸瘦. 《本草》

Translation영역

One name for it is white-good earth. It may not be taken for long, for it damages the five viscera and makes a person emaciated.

Clinical note임상 주석

The warning is specific and worth keeping — a clay that astringes the bowel will also bind what the bowel is meant to absorb, and long use of an adsorbent earth does produce wasting. This is the mechanism of geophagia, and the section names its consequence correctly.

Boncho 本草

1.6.3

Source원문

卽今畵工所用白土也. 火煆硏, 𥂁湯飛過, 晒乾用. 《入門》

Translation영역

It is the white earth that painters now use. Calcine it in fire, grind it, levigate it through brine, sun-dry it and use it.

Clinical note임상 주석

The identification is by trade rather than by mineral: the painters' white ground, which in Korea is baekto, a kaolinitic white clay. 飛過 is levigation — suspending the ground powder in liquid and drawing off the fine fraction — and it is the same processing step given for 赤石脂 and other clay drugs. The transcription writes 𥂁 for 鹽.

Immun 入門

1.7 Lygodium Spore 海金沙

Medicinal entry 唐 imported

1.7.1

Source원문

主通利小腸

Translation영역

It governs the freeing and disinhibiting of the small intestine.

Boncho 本草

1.7.2

Source원문

有草初生作小株, 才高一二尺. 七月採暴乾, 以紙襯擊取, 其沙落紙上, 旋收用之. 《本草》

Translation영역

There is an herb that when it first comes up forms small clumps only a foot or two high. Gather it in the seventh month and sun-dry it; lay paper beneath it and strike it, and its sand falls onto the paper — gather it up at once and use it.

Clinical note임상 주석

The one drug in 土部 that is not an earth at all. It is the spore of the climbing fern Lygodium japonicum, and it is filed with the sands because the product looks and pours like fine sand — the section's own description of beating the dried fronds over paper is a sporangium harvest. It is also the only 唐材 mark in this part: the earths and ashes are had from one's own kitchen, and this one is imported.

Boncho 本草

1.8 Sand from the Bottom of a Well 井底沙

우믈미ᄐᆡ몰애 우물 밑의 모래 the sand at the bottom of a well

1.8.1

Source원문

性至冷. 主湯火燒瘡痛及蝎螫ㆍ鬼魘. 《本草》

Translation영역

Its nature is extremely cold. It governs the pain of scald and burn sores, and scorpion sting, and nightmare oppression by ghosts.

Clinical note임상 주석

性至冷 — extremely cold — is the whole of the pharmacology, and it is literal rather than doctrinal; sand from the bottom of a well is cold to the hand, and the use is for burns. 鬼魘 is the oppression felt in sleep paralysis.

Boncho 本草

1.9 Hot River Sand of the Sixth Month 六月河中熱沙

뉴월믈ᄭᆞ애더온몰애 유월 물가에 더운 모래 the hot sand at the water's edge in the sixth month

1.9.1

Source원문

主風濕頑痺不仁, 脚冷癱瘓. 取沙日暴令極熱, 伏坐其中, 冷卽易. 《本草》

Translation영역

It governs wind-damp with stubborn impediment and numbness, and cold legs with paralysis. Take the sand and sun it until it is extremely hot, then lie or sit buried in it; when it cools, change it.

Clinical note임상 주석

A sand bath, and the only entry in this part that is neither swallowed nor spread on the skin: the drug is a heated medium and the dose is the heat. The practice survives as sand bathing (沙浴), and hot-sand immersion is still used for the same indications. The hanja title says 河中, in the river, while the vernacular gloss instead says at the water's edge, which is where one actually digs.

Boncho 本草

1.10 Hot Dust of the Road 道中熱塵土

녀름길가온대더온ᄒᆞᆰ 여름 길 가운데의 더운 흙 the hot earth in the middle of a summer road

1.10.1

Source원문

主夏月熱暍死者. 《本草》

Translation영역

It governs one who has died of heat stroke in the summer months.

Clinical note임상 주석

The shortest section in the part, and it depends on a method given elsewhere: the 暑門 directs that the struck person be heaped about with hot road dust, which is a way of keeping a collapsed body warm while the heart is roused. The vernacular gloss supplies a word the Chinese title does not have, nyeoreum, summer, and so records that the name was understood as a summer remedy, not merely as road dust that happens to be hot. Read as emergency medicine this is wrong: heat stroke is treated by cooling, and burying a patient in sun-heated earth would kill. The section is kept as the Bogam has it.

Boncho 本草

1.11 Earth from the Top of a Ground-Wasp's Nest 土蜂窠上土

ᄯᅡᆺ벌의집욷ᄒᆞᆰ 땅벌의 집 위 흙 the earth on top of a ground-wasp's nest

1.11.1

Source원문

主腫毒, 亦主蜘蛛咬. 《本草》

Translation영역

It governs swelling toxin, and it also governs spider bite.

Clinical note임상 주석

Like with like: earth worked over by a stinging insect, applied against the sting of another. No 性味.

Boncho 本草

1.12 Ash from a Blacksmith's Forge Hearth 鍜鐵竈中灰

불무질ᄒᆞᄂᆞᆫ브억의ᄌᆡ 풀무질하는 부엌의 재 the ash of the hearth where the bellows are worked

1.12.1

Source원문

主癥瘕堅積

Translation영역

It governs concretions and conglomerations and hard accumulations.

Boncho 本草

1.12.2

Source원문

療暴癥, 兼得鐵力以療暴癥. 《本草》

Translation영역

It treats sudden concretion, and having besides the strength of iron it thereby treats sudden concretion.

Clinical note임상 주석

The drug is the ash of the smith's hearth rather than the kitchen's, and the reason is stated: 兼得鐵力, it has taken in the strength of the iron worked over it. That is the whole argument for a separate entry, and it is why this ash treats hard masses while 冬灰 at 1.13 and 桑柴灰 at 1.14 treat the skin.

Boncho 本草

1.13 Winter Ash 冬灰

명화ᄉᆞᆫᄌᆡ 명아주 사른 재 the ash of burnt goosefoot

1.13.1

Source원문

性温, 味辛. 消黑子ㆍ疣贅. 不可廣用, 爛人皮肉. 《本草》

Translation영역

Its nature is warm and its flavour acrid. It dissolves black moles and warts and excrescences. It may not be used broadly, for it eats away a person's skin and flesh.

Clinical note임상 주석

This is potash, and the section knows what it is doing. 爛人皮肉 — it eats away skin and flesh — is an accurate description of a strong alkali, and 不可廣用 limits it to the spot being destroyed. The use is caustic cautery of moles and warts, and it is not a use to revive: lye burns are deep, scar badly, and give no margin, and a suspect pigmented lesion must be seen rather than burnt off.

Boncho 本草

1.13.2

Source원문

一名藜灰. 燒諸蒿藜煉作之, 此浣衣黃灰爾. 《本草》

Translation영역

One name for it is goosefoot ash. It is made by burning various wormwoods and goosefoots and refining them; this is simply the yellow ash used for washing clothes.

Clinical note임상 주석

The identification is domestic — the laundry lye. Burning chenopodium and artemisia and leaching the ash gives potassium carbonate, which is what both the washing and the cautery depend on.

Boncho 本草

1.13.3

Source원문

諸灰一烘而成, 冬灰則經三四月方徹, 故其性尤烈. 《本草》

Translation영역

All other ashes are made by a single baking; winter ash takes three or four months to come through, and so its nature is especially fierce.

Clinical note임상 주석

The name is explained by the making, not by the season of gathering — the ash of the winter's long-banked fire, kept and leached for months, so that the alkali concentrates. The Bencao's 尤烈 is a statement about strength of lye and is correct.

Boncho 本草

1.14 Mulberry-Wood Ash 桑柴灰

Medicinal entry ᄲᅩᆼ나모ᄉᆞᆫᄌᆡ 뽕나무 사른 재 the ash of burnt mulberry wood

1.14.1

Source원문

療黑子ㆍ疣贅, 功勝冬灰. 《本草》

Translation영역

It treats black moles and warts and excrescences, its power surpassing winter ash.

Clinical note임상 주석

No 性味 is given in this section at all — one of the places in the 湯液篇 where the book carries indications only, and the reason the project keeps no separate nature-and-flavour field.

Boncho 本草

1.14.2

Source원문

小豆赤者同煮服, 大下水腫. 《本草》

Translation영역

Boiled together with red adzuki beans and taken, it greatly brings down water swelling.

Clinical note임상 주석

The one internal use of an ash in this part, and it is the lye rather than the ash that is drunk — a potassium-rich alkaline decoction given as a diuretic with adzuki bean. The project's herb table carries this preparation separately as 桑柴灰汁.

Boncho 本草

1.14.3

Source원문

桑薪灰純者入藥絶奇. 《本草》

Translation영역

Ash of mulberry firewood that is unmixed is extraordinary when put into medicine.

Clinical note임상 주석

桑薪灰 here, 桑柴灰 in the section name — firewood and cordwood of the same tree, and the Bogam does not distinguish them. 純者, the unmixed sort, is the whole of the quality criterion.

Boncho 本草

1.15 Ash of a Hundred Herbs 百草灰

ᄇᆡᆨ가지플ᄉᆞᆫᄌᆡ 백 가지 풀 사른 재 the ash of a hundred kinds of herbs, burnt

1.15.1

Source원문

主腋臭及金瘡. 五月五日乘露取一百種草, 隂乾燒作灰也. 《本草》

Translation영역

It governs underarm stench and metal-inflicted wounds. On the fifth day of the fifth month, while the dew is still on them, gather a hundred kinds of herbs, shade-dry them and burn them to ash.

Clinical note임상 주석

Not to be confused with 百草霜 at 1.16: this is the ash of a hundred herbs burnt, that is the soot of a hundred herbs burnt as fuel, and the two have different indications. The gathering is calendrical — the fifth of the fifth month at dawn, the Dano gathering — and the hundred kinds are a hundred kinds, not a recipe. 隂 stands for 陰, as throughout the transcription.

Boncho 本草

1.16 Stove Soot 百草霜

Medicinal entry 오란브억어귀옛검ᄃᆡ영 오랜 부엌 아귀의 검댕 the soot at the mouth of an old kitchen stove

1.16.1

Source원문

無毒. 治熱毒, 消積化滯, 止暴瀉痢, 婦人月候不調ㆍ崩中漏下ㆍ橫生逆産ㆍ胞衣不下. 《本草》

Translation영역

It is without toxicity. It treats heat toxin, dissolves accumulation and transforms stagnation, and stops sudden diarrhoea and dysentery; and in women, irregular monthly courses, flooding in the centre and spotting leakage, transverse birth and breech delivery, and retention of the placenta.

Clinical note임상 주석

The section opens on 無毒 with no 性 and no 味 before it — the book gives what it has. The indications are the ones that put this drug into formulas and keep it there: it is a haemostatic for flooding and spotting and for retained placenta, and it is the stove's soot standing beside the stove's earth at 1.1 with much the same obstetric list.

Boncho 本草

1.16.2

Source원문

局方誤以鐺墨爲百草霜, 惟黑奴丸兩用之. 此竈額上墨, 又名竈堗墨.

Translation영역

The Jufang wrongly took pot soot for hundred-herb frost; only in Black Slave Pill are the two of them used together. This is the soot on the brow of the stove, also named stove-flue soot.

Clinical note임상 주석

A correction of a received error, and the most useful sentence in this part for anyone keeping drug records. 百草霜 is the soot deposited above the stove mouth from burning grass and brushwood; 鐺墨 at 1.17 is the soot caked on the underside of the pan. The Jufang confused them, and Black Slave Pill is cited as the one formula that calls for both, which is the proof that they are two drugs. 竈堗墨 is given here as another name for this drug.

Immun 入門

1.16.3

Source원문

深村久竈額上墨佳, 止血爲最要. 《入門》

Translation영역

The soot on the brow of a long-used stove in a deep village is the good sort, and for stanching bleeding it is the most essential.

Clinical note임상 주석

深村 — a village far in — because the stove there burns grass and brushwood rather than charcoal or coal, so the soot is the right soot. 止血爲最要 is the Immun placing this drug first among haemostatics.

Immun 入門

1.17 Pot Soot 鐺墨

Medicinal entry 솓미ᄐᆡ검ᄃᆡ영 솥 밑의 검댕 the soot under a cauldron

1.17.1

Source원문

主蠱毒ㆍ中惡ㆍ血暈, 亦塗金瘡生肌止血. 然愼勿塗面, 墨入肉如印. 卽鐺下墨也. 《本草》

Translation영역

It governs gu toxin, being struck by the malign, and blood dizziness; smeared on a metal-inflicted wound it also engenders flesh and stanches bleeding. But take care not to smear it on the face, for the soot enters the flesh like a stamp. It is simply the soot under the pan.

Clinical note임상 주석

愼勿塗面 — do not smear it on the face, the soot enters the flesh like a stamp — is a warning about tattooing, and it is correct: carbon driven into a wound is permanent, which is what traumatic tattooing of a soot-dressed laceration is. The closing gloss 卽鐺下墨也 is what ties this section to the 釜下墨 of the formulas.

Boncho 本草

1.18 Roof-Beam Dust 梁上塵

Medicinal entry 듥보우희듣글 들보 위의 티끌 the dust on top of a roof beam

The Kyujanggak edition carries a collation note 듥 : 들(초간본) at the foot of leaf 020a, where the only 듥 is this entry's gloss 듥보우희듣글; the first printing writes 들, the modern form of 들보, a roof beam. The transcription's 듥 is printed. The line is printed below the first line of the grain chapter's 胡麻, two headwords past the end of this chapter — leaf 020a is shared between the close of the earth chapter and the opening of the grain chapter, and a collation line stands at the foot of its leaf rather than beside the passage it collates. It was found by the worker translating the grain chapter, who could see that the line was not his; a worker reading only to the last line of this chapter's text would never have seen it.

1.18.1

Source원문

性微寒一云平, 無毒. 主中惡ㆍ鼻衂ㆍ小兒軟瘡, 又主金瘡. 《本草》

Translation영역

Its nature is slightly cold one source says balanced and it is without toxicity. It governs being struck by the malign, nosebleed and soft sores in a small child, and it also governs metal-inflicted wounds.

Boncho 本草

1.18.2

Source원문

一名懸龍尾, 又名烏龍尾. 《入門》

Translation영역

One name for it is hanging dragon's tail, another name black dragon's tail.

Clinical note임상 주석

The names are descriptions of the thing itself — the long trailing swags of soot-blackened dust that hang from a beam. The part opens on a dragon's liver at 1.1 and closes on a dragon's tail, both of them names for household dirt.

Immun 入門

1.18.3

Source원문

須取去烟火遠高堂殿上者, 拂下篩用之. 《本草》

Translation영역

One must take it from high up in a hall or a palace, far from smoke and fire; brush it down, sieve it and use it.

Clinical note임상 주석

The criterion is the opposite of the one for 百草霜 at 1.16 and for 東壁土 at 1.2, which both want what the smoke has worked on. Here the smoke is what disqualifies it: this drug is to be dust and not soot, which is why a high hall far from the kitchen is specified.

Boncho 本草

About this translation 凡例

Base text: Donguibogam (東醫寶鑑, 1613 first edition), Decoctions and Medicinals, Volume 1, Earths chapter. The Chinese text follows the Kyujanggak transcription; where the first printing (初刊本) reads differently the transcription's reading is printed and the variant recorded in a textual note. Original character forms are retained. The sixteenth-century Korean vernacular names (鄕名) are printed as the transcription gives them, in Unicode old Hangul converted from the Hanyang private-use encoding. Terminology follows Wiseman & Feng, A Practical Dictionary of Chinese Medicine. Translation and clinical notes are original to this site. — Eui Young (Justin) Chung, L.Ac., Dipl. O.M.