Formulas · Text · Donguibogam 東醫寶鑑
The food chapter, and the one most likely to be misread, because a Chinese vegetable name and a Korean vegetable are not always the same plant. It opens with ginger in four forms, then taro, water chestnut, mallow, hollyhock and the musk mallow the book is at pains to separate from it; amaranth, radish, mustard greens, gourd, winter melon, cucumber, lettuce and endive; shepherd's purse, bellflower root, garlic in four kinds, onion and chive, mint, water dropwort, coriander and perilla; then the ferns, the wild greens, nine mushrooms and tree-ears, and the seaweeds — kelp, kombu, laver and the rest — closing on butterbur.
Sixty-four Korean glosses, and here they are not ornament: they are the only thing standing between the translation and the wrong species. The last entry, 白菜, is not Chinese cabbage. Its gloss reads 머휘, butterbur, and the clinical consequence is immediate: Petasites carries hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids, and reading the characters alone would have put a liver toxin into a chapter entry about a salad. The same thing happens four more times — 수세외 confirms the loofah against the entry's own 用瓤滌器, the pith used to scour vessels; 동화 gives the wax gourd; ᄃᆞᆯ랑괴 separates wild garlic from the 小蒜 the book counts separately; and at 沙叅 the gloss 더덕 names Codonopsis where the drug table has Adenophora and Chinese pharmacy splits the character three ways. Two glosses are left unresolved rather than guessed: 싀화 continues regularly into modern Korean but has no modern plant behind it, and 고ᄌᆞᆺ바기 would have to be bent, not sounded, to reach 고들빼기.
The chapter is also the most poisonous food in the book, and much of the danger is in plants still eaten today. Water dropwort stands beside Oenanthe crassa's cicutoxin, for which there is no antidote; bracken carries ptaquiloside, IARC group 2B, and the Korean practice of parboiling and discarding the water is one of the few traditional preparations that measurably reduces a carcinogen — the notes say so where it is true. The bitter gourd entry prints 沉水者及兩蔕兩鼻並殺人, those that sink and those with two stems or two navels kill — which picks out exactly the abnormal fruit that carries cucurbitacin, and is the right rule for the wrong reason. The mushroom entries get amatoxin and its six-to-twelve-hour latency, and the tree-ear gets the danger that is not mushroom poison at all: bongkrekic acid in dried fungus rehydrated overnight at room temperature. Where the book is right it is said plainly — the nightshade's 生青熟黑 … 不宜生啖 isolates the unripe solanine-bearing fruit precisely, and bracken's 令脚弱不能行眼暗 reads as thiaminase beriberi and optic neuropathy.
1.1 Fresh Ginger 生薑
`ᄉᆡᆼ강` 은 한자어 生薑의 16세기 음 표기다. `ᆡ`(아래아+ㅣ)가 지금 `ㅐ` 로 가는 꼴은 이 문에서 `ᄇᆡᄎᆡ`(배추)ㆍ`ᄆᆡ`(매)와 함께 세 자리에 나오므로 `생강` 으로 또렷하게 이어진다. 이 문의 향명 가운데 **한자어의 음을 적은 것**은 이것과 1.6 `일일화` 둘뿐이고, 나머지는 다 우리말 이름이거나 뜻풀이다.
譯 1.1.1 Source원문
性微温, 味辛, 無毒. 歸五蔵, 去痰下氣, 止嘔吐, 除風寒濕氣, 療咳逆上氣喘嗽.
Translation영역
Its nature is slightly warm, its flavour acrid, and it is without toxicity. It homes to the five viscera, dispels phlegm and precipitates qi, checks retching and vomiting, eliminates wind-cold-damp qi, and treats cough counterflow with qi ascent, panting and coughing.
Clinical note임상 주석
**This is the most heavily used single drug in the book after liquorice.** The formulary of this site records fresh ginger as an ingredient in 896 places and dried ginger (1.1.1) in 270 more, which means a reader who takes any caution attached to ginger has to multiply it by how often it appears. Two of those cautions are real and modern.
*Anticoagulation.* Ginger inhibits platelet aggregation (gingerols are thromboxane-synthase inhibitors in vitro) and case reports and small trials describe raised INR and bleeding when ginger is taken in quantity with warfarin. The interaction is dose-dependent and inconsistent, but it is the reason ginger appears on every standard list of herbs to stop before surgery — the usual advice is one to two weeks before an operation or a neuraxial block. A patient on warfarin, a direct oral anticoagulant or dual antiplatelet therapy who begins a ginger-containing decoction has changed two variables at once.
*Pregnancy.* Ginger is the best-evidenced herbal treatment for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and is recommended in several national guidelines, at about 1 g of dried root a day in divided doses; above that the evidence thins and heartburn becomes the limiting effect. The dose matters because a Bogam decoction containing 生薑 three slices is in that range while a ginger-heavy formula taken several times a day is not.
歸五蔵 is the standard claim and nothing turns on it. 止嘔吐 — checking retching and vomiting — is the indication the modern evidence actually supports, and the Bogam puts it first.
譯 1.1.2 Source원문
性温而皮寒. 須熱卽去皮, 要冷卽留皮. 《本草》
Translation영역
Its nature is warm but its skin is cold. When heat is wanted, remove the skin; when cold is wanted, leave the skin on.
Clinical note임상 주석
This is a processing rule with a consequence: the peel and the flesh are treated as two drugs with opposite thermal natures, and the site's materia medica carries 生薑皮 (ginger peel) as a separate item on exactly this sentence. Whether the peel is pharmacologically different is not settled — the peel is richer in the phenolics and in the fibre, and the oleoresin that gives ginger its pungency is concentrated just beneath it — but the instruction is at least a precise one, and a prescription that says 去皮 or 留皮 is not decoration.
譯 1.1.3 Source원문
能制半夏ㆍ南星ㆍ厚朴之毒. 止嘔吐反胃之聖藥也. 《湯液》
Translation영역
It can curb the toxin of pinellia, arisaema and magnolia bark. It is the sage remedy for checking retching, vomiting and stomach reflux.
Clinical note임상 주석
制半夏南星之毒 is not a figure of speech and it is the most clinically load-bearing sentence in this section. Raw pinellia (半夏) and raw arisaema (南星) contain calcium oxalate raphides and other irritants that produce immediate, severe swelling and burning of the mouth, tongue and throat — raw pinellia poisoning can close the airway. The classical antidote and the classical processing agent are both ginger: pinellia is cured with ginger juice and alum (薑半夏), and ginger is given to relieve the burning. The pairing is in the pharmacopoeias today for the same reason. So where a Bogam formula contains 半夏 with 生薑, the ginger is doing processing work, not just harmonising, and removing it from the formula is not a neutral simplification.
譯 1.1.4 Source원문
古云, 不徹薑食, 言可常啖, 但勿過多爾. 夜間勿食. 又云, 八九月多食薑, 至春患眼, 損壽減筋力. 《本草》
Translation영역
The ancients said: do not leave off ginger with food — meaning that it may be eaten regularly, only not to excess. Do not eat it at night. It is also said that eating much ginger in the eighth and ninth months brings eye trouble by spring, shortens the lifespan and lessens the strength of the sinews.
Clinical note임상 주석
**The book's own caution, and it should be kept.** 不徹薑食 is from the Analects by way of the materia medica — Confucius is said never to have been without ginger at table — and the Bogam prints the limit alongside the licence: 勿過多, not to excess. The autumn prohibition and the eye trouble have no modern counterpart I can defend; the seasonal reasoning is the chapter's own. But the shape of the warning, that a daily food-drug taken in quantity is not harmless, is the one that carries over, and the modern limits are concrete: ginger in gram quantities causes heartburn and worsens gastro-oesophageal reflux, and it is the reflux rather than the eyes that stops people. 夜間勿食 reads oddly as a prohibition until that is noticed.
譯 1.1.5 Translation영역
In our country it is produced in quantity only at Jeonju.
Clinical note임상 주석
One of the Korean notes under the 《俗方》 tag, and a piece of agricultural history rather than pharmacology: Jeonju in North Jeolla was the ginger district, and it still is — Bongdong ginger from the Jeonju basin is a protected regional product. The sentence is also why this heavily used drug carries no 唐 import mark anywhere in the chapter: it was grown here.
1.1.1 Dried Ginger 乾薑
譯 1.1.1.1 Source원문
性大熱, 味辛一云苦, 無毒. 開五蔵六府, 通四肢關節, 逐風寒濕痺, 主霍亂吐瀉, 療寒冷心腹痛, 治腸澼下痢, 温脾胃, 消宿食, 去冷痰.
Translation영역
Its nature is greatly hot, its flavour acrid one says bitter, and it is without toxicity. It opens the five viscera and six bowels, frees the joints of the four limbs, drives out wind-cold-damp impediment, governs sudden turmoil with vomiting and diarrhoea, treats cold pain in the heart and abdomen, treats intestinal flux with diarrhoea, warms the spleen and stomach, disperses abiding food, and removes cold phlegm.
Clinical note임상 주석
**乾薑 and 生薑 are two drugs, not one drug in two states, and the Bogam files them so.** Fresh ginger is slightly warm and goes to the surface; dried ginger is 大熱, greatly hot, and goes to the interior — the fourth passage of this leaf says exactly that. The formulary of this site uses 乾薑 in 270 places, overwhelmingly in the cold-interior formulas (理中湯 and its family, 四逆湯), and the substitution of one for the other changes what the prescription does.
Pharmacologically the difference is real: drying converts part of the gingerol content to shogaols, which are more pungent and more lipophilic, and the volatile fraction is largely lost. The anticoagulant caution recorded at 1.1 applies to this drug as well and, if anything, more strongly per gram.
One modern point on 主霍亂吐瀉: 霍亂 in this book covers acute vomiting-and-diarrhoea illness generally, not the specific disease cholera. True cholera is a rehydration emergency — oral rehydration salts or intravenous fluid, with an antibiotic to shorten shedding — and no decoction substitutes for volume replacement.
譯 1.1.1.2 Translation영역
There is a method for making dried ginger out of fresh ginger. Described in full in the Miscellaneous Methods chapter
Clinical note임상 주석
詳見雜方 is a cross-reference, not a source mark, and is carried as an interlinear gloss. The method it points to is in the Miscellaneous Methods chapter (雜方門): the Bogam does not treat drying ginger as something that happens by itself. The distinction matters for the next two leaves, 白薑 and 乾生薑, which are defined precisely by which parts of that method were and were not applied.
譯 1.1.1.3 Source원문
水洗, 慢火炮用. 炮則温中, 生則發表. 若止血, 須炒令黑用之. 《湯液》
Translation영역
Wash it in water and blast-roast it over a slow fire for use. Blast-roasted it warms the centre; raw it issues the exterior. If bleeding is to be checked, it must be stir-fried until black before use.
Clinical note임상 주석
Three preparations of one root with three different uses, and the third — 炒令黑, fried until black (炮薑 or 薑炭) — is still a distinct pharmacopoeial item used for bleeding. Charring destroys the volatile oil and most of the gingerols and leaves a carbonised material; whether the haemostatic effect is anything more than the astringency of charcoal is unestablished, and bleeding that needs a drug needs a diagnosis first.
譯 1.1.1.4 Source원문
乾薑多用則耗散正氣, 須以生甘草緩之. 《丹心》
Translation영역
Dried ginger used in quantity wastes and scatters the right qi; raw liquorice must be used to moderate it.
Clinical note임상 주석
A dosing caution with a named corrective, and the corrective carries its own problem: raw liquorice in quantity causes pseudohyperaldosteronism — hypokalaemia, oedema, hypertension — through glycyrrhizin's inhibition of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2. So the classical pairing moderates the heat of one drug by adding the mineralocorticoid load of another, and in a patient on diuretics or with heart failure that trade is not free.
譯 1.1.1.5 Source원문
乾薑見火則止而不移, 所以能治裏寒也. 《丹心》
Translation영역
Dried ginger, once it has met fire, stays and does not move — which is why it can treat cold in the interior.
1.1.2 White Ginger 白薑
譯 1.1.2.1 Source원문
卽去皮未經釀者, 色白. 治肺胃寒邪. 《入門》
Translation영역
This is the one whose skin has been removed and which has not been through the steeping; its colour is white. It treats cold evil in the lung and stomach.
Clinical note임상 주석
**This leaf and the next are two more drugs, and the two sentences that define them are processing instructions.** 白薑 is peeled and not 釀 — not fermented or steeped — so it is the pale, plain-dried root; 乾生薑 at 1.1.3 is the opposite, unpeeled and left to dry of itself. Four items under one headword, each with its own indication, and all four are prescribed.
The materia medica of this site carries 白薑 as an alias of 乾薑 rather than as its own entry, and the formulary records its 28 appearances as 乾薑 with 白薑 in the preparation field. That is the right record of what the prescriptions say, but it does flatten a distinction the Bogam is explicit about, and the report on this chapter raises the question.
1.1.3 Sun-dried Fresh Ginger 乾生薑
譯 1.1.3.1 Source원문
乃留皮自乾者. 治脾胃寒濕. 《入門》
Translation영역
This is the one left with its skin on and dried of itself. It treats cold and damp in the spleen and stomach.
Clinical note임상 주석
留皮自乾 — skin left on, dried by itself rather than by fire — makes this the least altered of the four ginger drugs after the fresh root, and the indication given, cold damp in the spleen and stomach, sits between fresh ginger's exterior-releasing and dried ginger's interior-warming. The formulary uses 乾生薑 in 40 places, most of them in Li Dongyuan's spleen-and-stomach formulas, which is consistent: it is the ginger of the 脾胃論 tradition. As with 白薑, this site records it against 乾薑 with the name in the preparation field.
1.2 Taro Corm 芋子
`토란` 은 16세기 표기와 현대 표기가 **글자째 같은** 자리다 — 이 문에서 그런 것은 `토란`ㆍ`쇠비름`(1.8)ㆍ`갓`(1.18)ㆍ`더덕`(1.23) 넷이다. 다만 `토란`(土卵)은 한자어 꼴이고, 이 절의 마지막 구절이 `今人呼爲土蓮`(요즘 사람은 土蓮이라 부른다)이라 적으므로 16세기에 **土卵과 土蓮 두 이름이 함께 쓰이고 있었다**는 것이 한 절 안에서 드러난다. 지금 표준어로 남은 것은 土卵 쪽이다.
譯 1.2.1 Source원문
性平一云冷, 味辛, 有毒. 寬腸胃, 充肌膚, 滑中, 破宿血, 去死肌.
Translation영역
Its nature is balanced one says chilled, its flavour acrid, and it is toxic. It relaxes the intestines and stomach, fills out the flesh and skin, makes the centre slippery, breaks up abiding blood, and removes dead flesh.
Clinical note임상 주석
有毒 on a staple food is not an error, and the second passage says what the toxicity is and when it applies.
譯 1.2.2 Source원문
一名土芝. 處處有之. 生則有毒, 簽不可食. 性滑, 熟則無毒, 甚補益. 和鯽魚作羹尤良. 《本草》
Translation영역
One name for it is earth-mushroom. It is found everywhere. Raw it is toxic — it pricks, and cannot be eaten. Its nature is slippery; cooked it is without toxicity and greatly supplementing. Made into a soup with crucian carp it is better still.
Clinical note임상 주석
**生則有毒, 熟則無毒 is exactly right, and the mechanism is mechanical rather than chemical.** Taro corms and leaves carry needle-shaped crystals of calcium oxalate — raphides — in specialised cells, and the raw tissue drives them into the mucosa of the lips, mouth, tongue and pharynx. The result is immediate burning, stinging and swelling, and in quantity it can threaten the airway; the same crystals are why raw pinellia and arisaema are so punishing, and why ginger is their antidote (see 1.1). Prolonged cooking, soaking or fermentation breaks down the crystal-bearing cells and the raw-taro reaction disappears. People who handle raw taro without gloves get a contact dermatitis from the same cause.
That reading also rescues 簽, which is otherwise hard to construe here: 簽 is a splinter or skewer and, as a verb, to prick. 生則有毒, 簽不可食 reads as *raw it is toxic, it pricks and cannot be eaten* — a description of the raphide sensation rather than of a poison. I record that this is my reading of an awkward character; the transcription carries no collation line on it, and some received texts are punctuated differently.
Taro is also one of the handful of foods that cause oral allergy, and its high potassium content matters in advanced kidney disease. Neither is in the book.
譯 1.2.3 Source원문
園圃中種者可食. 野芋有毒, 不堪啖. 當中出苗者爲芋頭, 四面附芋頭而生者爲芋子. 《本草》
Translation영역
The kind grown in gardens may be eaten. Wild taro is toxic and will not bear eating. The one that puts up its shoot from the centre is the taro-head; those that grow attached around the taro-head on all sides are the taro-children.
Clinical note임상 주석
Two useful things. First, 野芋有毒 is a real distinction and not a doubling of the previous caution: the wild and ornamental members of the Araceae grown from the same habit — *Alocasia*, *Colocasia* varieties selected for leaf rather than corm — carry far more oxalate and are not detoxified by ordinary cooking. Poisonings happen when an ornamental 'elephant ear' is mistaken for taro.
Second, the passage is a piece of plain botany that the headword depends on: 芋頭 is the mother corm and 芋子 the daughter corms around it, and this section is named for the daughters. This site's materia medica carries the drug as 芋, taro, without separating the two, so the link here is to the generic entry.
譯 1.2.4 Translation영역
People today call it the earth-lotus.
1.2.1 Taro Leaf 葉
譯 1.2.1.1 Source원문
性冷, 無毒. 除煩止瀉, 療姙婦胎動心煩. 《本草》
Translation영역
Its nature is cold and it is without toxicity. It eliminates vexation and checks diarrhoea, and treats a stirring foetus with vexation of the heart in a pregnant woman.
Clinical note임상 주석
無毒 on the leaf is the one place in this section where the book is wrong, and the direction of the error matters because the indication is for pregnancy. Taro leaf and petiole carry the same calcium oxalate raphides as the corm and in some cultivars more of them; raw or undercooked taro leaf is the classic cause of the acrid mouth-and-throat reaction, and the leaf has to be boiled long — in Pacific and West African cooking, boiled twice with the water discarded. Nothing in this passage says to cook it.
胎動, a stirring or restless foetus, covers threatened miscarriage and antepartum bleeding, which need assessment and not a leaf decoction. There is no evidence for taro leaf in pregnancy and no reason to recommend it.
1.3 Water Chestnut 烏芋
올ᄆᆡ 올매 olmae, water chestnut
`올ᄆᆡ` 는 `올` + `ᄆᆡ`(아래아+ㅣ)의 짜임이고, `ᆡ → ㅐ` 는 이 문의 `ᄉᆡᆼ강`(생강)과 같은 꼴이므로 소리로는 **올매** 로 또렷하게 이어진다. 다만 지금 표준어에서 이 식물(Eleocharis)을 가리키는 이름은 **올방개** 이고 `올매` 는 옛 이름으로만 남았다. 그래서 `hyangmyeong_mod` 에는 소리가 이어진 꼴 `올매` 를 적고, 지금 쓰는 이름이 `올방개` 라는 것을 여기 적어 둔다. 본문이 바로 뒤에 **둘째 우리말 이름 `又云가ᄎᆞ라기`** 를 들므로 16세기에 이 뿌리에 이름이 둘 있었다 — 그 이름은 향명 칸이 아니라 본문에 그대로 실려 있다(§10).
譯 1.3.1 Source원문
又云가ᄎᆞ라기. 性微寒一云冷, 味苦甘, 無毒一云有毒.
Translation영역
It is also called 가ᄎᆞ라기. Its nature is slightly cold one says chilled, its flavour bitter and sweet, and it is without toxicity one says it is toxic.
Clinical note임상 주석
The two readings in the interlinear glosses disagree about the most important thing in the entry — 無毒 against 一云有毒 — and the Bogam prints both without choosing. For once the disagreement points at something real, though not at a chemical toxin; see the next passage but one.
譯 1.3.2 Source원문
除胷胃熱, 治黄疸, 止消渴, 明耳目, 開胃下食.
Translation영역
It eliminates heat in the chest and stomach, treats jaundice, checks dispersion-thirst, brightens the ears and eyes, and opens the appetite so that food goes down.
譯 1.3.3 Source원문
處處有之, 生水濕地, 澤瀉之類也. 人取食之, 亦以作粉食, 厚人腸胃, 令不飢. 正二月採食之, 荒歲多採以充糧. 《本草》
Translation영역
It is found everywhere, growing in watery and damp ground; it is of the alisma kind. People gather and eat it, and also make it into a flour and eat that; it thickens a person's intestines and stomach and keeps off hunger. It is gathered and eaten in the first and second months, and in famine years it is gathered in quantity to make up the grain supply.
Clinical note임상 주석
**The modern warning that belongs to this entry is parasitological, and it attaches to the two facts this passage gives: the plant grows in standing water, and people gather it and eat it.** The corms of *Eleocharis dulcis* and the other water plants of flooded fields — water caltrop, water bamboo, lotus root — carry the encysted metacercariae of *Fasciolopsis buski*, the giant intestinal fluke, on their outer surface. Infection follows from eating them raw or, characteristically, from peeling them with the teeth, which is how children in endemic areas of China, Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam, Thailand and India acquire it. Heavy burdens cause diarrhoea, abdominal pain, oedema and, in children, intestinal obstruction; treatment is praziquantel. The cysts are on the outside and are destroyed by cooking or scalding. The 一云有毒 of the first passage and the modern hazard are not the same thing, but the next passage's 煑熟可啖 is the right instruction for both.
荒歲多採以充糧 is a famine-food record and worth keeping as such: the corm is mostly starch, and the entry is describing a carbohydrate of last resort rather than a medicine.
譯 1.3.4 Source원문
烏芋葉似箭鏃, 根黄似芋而小, 煑熟可啖. 《入門》
Translation영역
The leaf of the water chestnut is like an arrowhead; the root is yellow, like taro but smaller. Boiled until done it may be eaten.
Clinical note임상 주석
葉似箭鏃, the leaf like an arrowhead, is a description of *Sagittaria* rather than of *Eleocharis*, whose leaves are reduced to rush-like sheaths — and the comparison to alisma in the previous passage points the same way. The confusion between the arrowhead (*Sagittaria*), alisma and the water chestnut runs through the East Asian materia medica and this entry carries it. The Korean gloss 올ᄆᆡ and the identification 卽鳧茨也 in the next passage both point at *Eleocharis*, so the plant of the drug is settled even though the leaf description is not.
煑熟可啖 is the sentence that removes the fluke risk described above, and it is the sentence a modern reader should take from the entry.
譯 1.3.5 Source원문
烏芋卽鳧茨也, 俗謂之葧臍. 《丹心》
Translation영역
The water chestnut is the buja, and in common speech it is called the baljje.
Clinical note임상 주석
**This is the book explaining its own headword, and the explanation settles the plant.** 鳧茨 (also written 荸薺) and 葧臍 are both standard names for *Eleocharis dulcis*, the Chinese water chestnut, which is still sold under 荸薺 and eaten as a crisp sweet corm. Neither name is in this site's materia medica and 烏芋 appears in no formula in the book, so the entry stands as a 本草 record rather than as a link into the formulary.
1.4 Mallow Seed 冬葵子
`돌아옥ᄡᅵ` 는 `돌`(들ㆍ야생의) + `아옥`(아욱) + `ᄡᅵ`(씨)의 짜임이다. `아옥 → 아욱` 과 `ᄡᅵ → 씨` 는 둘 다 또렷한 꼴이고, `돌-` 은 지금도 `돌배`ㆍ`돌감` 처럼 야생종에 붙는 접두사로 살아 있으므로 **돌아욱 씨** 로 이어진다. 지금 `돌아욱` 은 애기아욱 (Malva parviflora) 쪽을 가리키는 이름으로 쓰이고, 밭에 심는 것은 그냥 `아욱` (Malva verticillata)이다. 이 절의 본문이 **가꾼 葵와 春葵를 갈라** 적으면서도 (`秋種葵覆養經冬`ㆍ`春葵子亦滑然不堪藥用`) 향명에는 `돌-` 을 붙이고 있어, 16세기의 이 이름이 야생ㆍ재배를 엄히 가르지 않았음을 보여 준다.
譯 1.4.1 Source원문
性寒一云冷, 味甘, 無毒. 治五淋, 利小便, 除五蔵六府寒熱, 婦人乳難內閉.
Translation영역
Its nature is cold one says chilled, its flavour sweet, and it is without toxicity. It treats the five dribbling urinations, disinhibits urine, eliminates cold and heat in the five viscera and six bowels, and treats difficulty of the breasts and internal blockage in women.
Clinical note임상 주석
**The one caution that has to be attached to this drug is pregnancy, and the book supplies the evidence for it two sections later rather than here.** 冬葵子 is a mucilaginous, lubricating seed used for difficult urination and for retained placenta and difficult labour; the tradition holds that it is slippery and descending, 滑利, and that it moves things downward — which in the same breath makes it a classical abortifacient and a drug contraindicated in pregnancy in every modern Chinese and Korean materia medica. The hollyhock seed at 1.5.3, a near relation in the same chapter, states this outright: 催生落胎, hastens the birth and drops the foetus. There is no controlled evidence for either claim; the contraindication stands on tradition and on the absence of any safety data, which is sufficient reason not to give it in pregnancy.
乳難, difficulty of the breasts, is in practice mastitis or blocked ducts; 內閉 is internal blockage, urinary retention. Urinary retention is a reason to catheterise, and a mucilage will not relieve it.
譯 1.4.2 Source원문
秋種葵, 覆養經冬, 至春作子, 謂之冬葵, 多入藥用. 性至滑利, 能下石. 春葵子亦滑, 然不堪藥用.
Translation영역
Mallow sown in autumn, covered and tended through the winter, sets seed by spring; this is called winter mallow, and it is much used in medicine. Its nature is extremely slippery and disinhibiting, and it can bring down stones. Spring mallow seed is also slippery, but it will not do for medicine.
Clinical note임상 주석
This is the passage that defines the headword: 冬葵子 is not a species but a sowing — autumn-sown, overwintered mallow — and the book says in the same breath that the spring-sown seed of the same plant is not the drug. Whether the distinction survives any chemical test I do not know; the mucilage content of *Malva* seed varies with maturity, and overwintered seed is harvested later and fully ripe.
能下石, it can bring down stones, is the claim that made this drug a standard in the 石淋 (stone dribbling) formulas. Urolithiasis is now managed by stone size and position — fluid, analgesia, medical expulsive therapy, ureteroscopy or lithotripsy — and a stone with obstruction and fever is an emergency. A mucilaginous diuretic has no part in that, and the historical claim should not delay imaging.
譯 1.4.3 Translation영역
Mallow after the frost must not be eaten: it stirs phlegm and brings up water.
譯 1.4.4 Translation영역
The seed is lightly stir-fried, crushed, and used.
1.4.1 Mallow Root 根
譯 1.4.1.1 Source원문
主惡瘡, 療淋, 利小便. 《本草》
Translation영역
It governs malign sores, treats dribbling urination, and disinhibits urine.
Clinical note임상 주석
The root is not in this site's materia medica and 冬葵根 appears in no formula in the book, so the entry stands as a record rather than as a link; the mallow drugs the formulary actually uses are the seed (16 ingredient entries) and, under its own name, the greens. Mallow root is mucilaginous like every part of the plant, and the three indications given here are the same three the seed carries — this is the whole plant treated as one demulcent.
1.4.2 Mallow Leaf 葉
譯 1.4.2.1 Source원문
爲百菜主, 作菜茹甚甘美, 能宣導積壅氣. 《本草》
Translation영역
It is chief among the hundred vegetables; made into greens it is very sweet and good, and it can diffuse and lead out accumulated and congested qi.
Clinical note임상 주석
爲百菜主, chief of the hundred vegetables, is a historical statement rather than a pharmacological one and it is worth noticing: mallow was the staple leaf vegetable of China and Korea before Chinese cabbage displaced it, and the Bogam is writing at the end of that period. The site's materia medica carries the leaf as 葵菜, mallow greens, with 葵汁 and bare 葵 as alias forms, which is the entry linked here; the name 冬葵葉 is not in the table and is reported for addition.
Mallow leaf is a mucilaginous pot-herb with nothing to warn against at food quantities. Like most leaf vegetables of this kind it carries oxalate, which matters only for someone with recurrent calcium-oxalate stones.
1.5 Red Hollyhock 紅蜀葵
블근ᄭᅩᆺ픠ᄂᆞᆫ규화 붉은 꽃 피는 규화 the mallow-flower that blooms red
이 향명은 **이름이 아니라 뜻풀이**다 — 水部ㆍ土部 꼴이고, 草部ㆍ木部의 이름 꼴과 다르다. `블근`(붉은) + `ᄭᅩᆺ`(꽃) + `픠ᄂᆞᆫ`(피는) + `규화`(葵花)로 끊긴다. 네 조각이 다 또렷하게 이어진다 — `블 → 붉` 은 ㅂ 뒤 ㅡ>ㅜ 꼴이고(`블 → 불`, 여기서는 `붉다`의 어간), `ᄭᅩᆺ → 꽃`ㆍ`픠다 → 피다` 는 이 시기 표기의 보통 꼴이다. 마지막 `규화` 만 한자어(葵花)로 남아, 전사자가 **우리말 수식부 + 한자어 머리**를 섞어 적었다. 곧 16세기에 이 꽃에 고유한 우리말 이름이 없어 「붉은 꽃 피는 규화」로 가리킨 것이고, 그것이 이 향명이 이름이 아니라 풀이인 까닭이다.
譯 1.5.1 Source원문
性寒, 味甘, 無毒. 根莖並主客熱, 利小便, 散膿血惡汁.
Translation영역
Its nature is cold, its flavour sweet, and it is without toxicity. Root and stalk together govern visiting heat, disinhibit urine, and disperse pus, blood and malign fluids.
Clinical note임상 주석
The headword stands for the root and stalk — 根莖並主 says so — and the three leaves below it carry the leaf, the flower and the seed separately. Neither the root nor the stalk is in this site's materia medica and neither appears in any formula, so this entry carries no link; the hollyhock drugs the formulary uses are the flower and the seed, at 1.5.2 and 1.5.3.
Hollyhock is *Alcea rosea* (long placed in *Althaea*), a mallow, and every part of it is mucilaginous. The indications given are the mallow indications: a demulcent that cools and lubricates. Nothing here needs a warning at the doses described, with the single large exception recorded at 1.5.3.
譯 1.5.2 Source원문
四時取紅單葉者根, 治帶下, 排膿血惡物, 極驗.
Translation영역
In any season take the root of the red single-petalled kind; it treats vaginal discharge and expels pus, blood and malign matter, and is extremely effective.
Clinical note임상 주석
紅單葉者, the red single-flowered kind, is a cultivar specification — the single-flowered hollyhock as against the double garden forms — and it is the sort of instruction that cannot be followed from a market sample. 帶下, vaginal discharge, covers bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis, trichomoniasis, cervicitis and, in a postmenopausal woman with bleeding, endometrial carcinoma; it is a presentation for examination and testing, and 極驗 should not be read as a reason to treat it blind.
譯 1.5.3 Source원문
處處有之. 以種出戎蜀, 故謂之蜀葵. 形似葵花, 有五色如槿花. 《本草》
Translation영역
It is found everywhere. Because the seed came out of the Rong and Shu country it is called Shu mallow. In form it resembles the mallow flower, and it has five colours, like the rose-of-Sharon flower.
Clinical note임상 주석
**This is the book explaining its own headword, and it is the sentence that matters for the next entry.** 謂之蜀葵 — it is called 蜀葵 — tells us that the 紅蜀葵 of this section is the ordinary hollyhock, red-flowered, and that is why the flower and seed below link to the table's 蜀葵花 and 蜀葵子. The entry at 1.6, 黄蜀葵花, then goes out of its way to say it is *not* this plant.
以種出戎蜀 is a statement about where the seed came from, not about where the drug must be bought, and the entry carries no 唐 import mark — as no entry in this chapter does.
1.5.1 Hollyhock Leaf 葉
譯 1.5.1.1 Source원문
主金瘡火瘡, 大小人熱毒痢. 《本草》
Translation영역
It governs metal wounds and burns, and heat-toxin dysentery in adults and children alike.
Clinical note임상 주석
A mucilaginous leaf laid on a wound or a burn is a plausible dressing and no more than that. 金瘡, a wound from a blade, needs cleaning, closure and tetanus cover; a burn needs cooling with running water, and anything greasy or adherent laid on it makes the later assessment of depth harder. 熱毒痢 — bloody, febrile dysentery — in a child is a presentation for rehydration and stool testing, and *Shigella* and Shiga-toxin-producing *E. coli* are the reasons it cannot be treated as a self-limiting complaint.
1.5.2 Hollyhock Flower 花
譯 1.5.2.1 Source원문
有赤白. 赤者治赤帶, 白者治白帶. 赤治血, 白治氣. 《本草》
Translation영역
There are red and white kinds. The red treats red discharge, the white treats white discharge; the red treats blood and the white treats qi.
Clinical note임상 주석
This is colour-correspondence reasoning applied to a cultivar difference, and the symmetry is too neat to be an observation. It is worth printing exactly because it shows the method: the flower's colour is read off against the colour of the discharge, and the drug is then assigned to blood or to qi to match. Nothing in the chemistry of a hollyhock flower distinguishes the red from the white beyond the anthocyanin that makes it red.
The flower itself is a demulcent, mucilaginous and bland, and the formulary of this site uses it in four places — an external paste for hot sores among them — where what it contributes is the slip that makes a powder spreadable. The table's entry is 蜀葵花; the headword form of this leaf, 紅蜀葵花, is not in the alias table and is reported for addition.
1.5.3 Hollyhock Seed 子
譯 1.5.3.1 Source원문
治淋澁, 通小腸, 催生落胎, 治一切瘡疥瘢疵. 《本草》
Translation영역
It treats dribbling and rough urination, frees the small intestine, hastens the birth and drops the foetus, and treats sores, scabies, scars and blemishes of every kind.
Clinical note임상 주석
**催生落胎 — hastens the birth and drops the foetus — is the book stating an abortifacient action outright, and it is the most important sentence in this part of the chapter.** It is the explicit form of what the mallow family carries implicitly: the slippery, downward-moving seeds of this group (hollyhock seed here, mallow seed at 1.4, musk-mallow flower at 1.6 with 治難産) are classed together as drugs that bring things down, and every modern Chinese and Korean materia medica contraindicates them in pregnancy on exactly this sentence.
Two things follow for a clinician. First, the contraindication is real and should be observed: the seed appears in two formulas in this corpus, and a pregnant patient should not be given either. Second, the claimed action should not be relied on in the other direction — there is no evidence that hollyhock seed terminates a pregnancy, and a woman who takes it expecting that outcome risks an incomplete or missed abortion with sepsis and haemorrhage while believing herself treated. Medical termination is a regulated procedure with known drugs and known failure rates, and this is not one of them.
The site's table has the seed as 蜀葵子; the headword form here, 紅蜀葵子, is not in the alias table and is reported for addition.
1.6 Musk Mallow Flower 黄蜀葵花
`일일화` 는 한자어 **一日花**(하루 피는 꽃)의 음을 적은 것이고, 이 문에서 한자어 향명은 1.1 `ᄉᆡᆼ강`(生薑)과 이것 둘뿐이다. 소리가 그대로 이어지므로 `hyangmyeong_mod` 도 같은 글자다. 이름의 뜻이 식물을 그대로 가리킨다 — 黃蜀葵 (Abelmoschus manihot)의 꽃은 아침에 피어 그 날 저녁에 진다. 지금 표준 우리말 이름은 **닥풀** 이고(뿌리의 점액을 한지 뜨는 데 쓴 데서 온 이름이다), `일일화` 는 한자 이름 쪽으로 남았다. 본문의 `夏末開花`ㆍ`淺黄色` 과 이름이 맞물리는 자리다.
譯 1.6.1 Source원문
治小便淋及難産, 又主諸惡瘡膿水久不差.
Translation영역
It treats dribbling urination and difficult birth, and it also governs malign sores of every kind whose pus and watery discharge have long failed to heal.
Clinical note임상 주석
This entry has no 性味 at all — no 性, no 味, no 無毒 — and begins straight at the indications. That pattern is common in the chapter and nothing should be supplied for it.
難産, difficult birth, places this flower with the mallow-family drugs that are held to move downward, and the same pregnancy caution applies as at 1.4 and 1.5.3: obstructed labour is an obstetric emergency, not a decoction indication, and the drug should not be given in pregnancy outside that setting either.
諸惡瘡膿水久不差 — a chronically discharging sore — is the indication for which the formulary actually uses this flower, in an external powder with aubergine flower; a sore that has failed to heal for months raises osteomyelitis, a sinus from a retained foreign body, diabetic foot infection and, in an old scar, Marjolin's ulcer, and wants imaging and biopsy rather than a dressing.
譯 1.6.2 Source원문
與蜀葵別種, 非謂蜀葵中花黄者. 葉尖狹, 多刻缺. 夏末開花, 淺黄色. 六七月採花, 隂乾用. 《本草》
Translation영역
It is a different species from the hollyhock; it does not mean the yellow-flowered sort among hollyhocks. Its leaves are pointed and narrow with many cuts and notches. It flowers at the end of summer, pale yellow. In the sixth and seventh months the flowers are gathered and dried in the shade for use.
Clinical note임상 주석
**This is the plainest self-gloss in the chapter and the book is right.** 與蜀葵別種, 非謂蜀葵中花黄者 — a different species, and not merely a yellow hollyhock — distinguishes *Abelmoschus manihot*, the musk mallow or sunset hibiscus, from *Alcea rosea* at 1.5. The description confirms it: the deeply cut, narrow-lobed palmate leaf is *Abelmoschus*, the hollyhock's leaf is rounded and shallowly lobed, and 夏末開花, 淺黄色 is the pale yellow late-summer flower with its dark centre.
**This matters because the drug table of this site does not keep the two apart.** The alias table files 黃蜀葵子 under 蜀葵花, the hollyhock flower, and the formulary's own note on one of those formulas says so and adds that the plant of the name is properly *Abelmoschus* rather than *Althaea*. So two headwords of this chapter, 1.5 and 1.6, which the Bogam separates in so many words, would collapse onto one identifier. For that reason this entry and the leaf below it are left unlinked and a separate materia medica entry is proposed in the report. **Where the book glosses its own headword, the gloss governs, and here it governs against the table.**
The identity is not academic. *Abelmoschus manihot* is the source of the modern Chinese preparation Huangkui capsule, used in diabetic kidney disease and IgA nephropathy with a body of clinical-trial evidence behind it; *Alcea rosea* has nothing of the kind. A reader who follows the table rather than the book would attach that literature to the wrong plant.
1.6.1 Musk Mallow Seed 子
譯 1.6.1.1 Source원문
主小便淋澁, 令婦人易産. 《本草》
Translation영역
It governs dribbling and rough urination, and makes a woman's delivery easy.
Clinical note임상 주석
令婦人易産 is the third statement of the same action in three consecutive entries (1.5.3 催生落胎, 1.6 難産, and this), and the formulary uses this seed for it: a single-drug powder in wine for obstructed labour, with a verse attached. The pregnancy caution recorded at 1.5.3 applies here in full.
The seed is left unlinked for the reason given at 1.6: the alias table places 黃蜀葵子 under the hollyhock flower, which the book's own 與蜀葵別種 forbids.
1.7 Amaranth Seed 莧實
비름ᄡᅵ 비름 씨 bireum seed, amaranth seed
`비름ᄡᅵ` 는 `비름` + `ᄡᅵ`(씨)다. `비름` 은 16세기 꼴과 현대 표준어가 글자째 같고 지금도 Amaranthus 속의 우리말 이름이며, `ᄡᅵ → 씨` 는 이 문에서 1.4 `돌아옥ᄡᅵ` 와 함께 두 자리에 나온다. 그러므로 **비름 씨** 로 또렷하게 이어진다.
譯 1.7.1 Source원문
性寒, 味甘, 無毒. 主青盲白瞖, 明目, 除邪, 利大小便, 殺蚘蟲.
Translation영역
Its nature is cold, its flavour sweet, and it is without toxicity. It governs green blindness and white screens, brightens the eyes, dispels evil, disinhibits stool and urine, and kills roundworms.
Clinical note임상 주석
青盲 is blindness with a quiet, normal-looking eye — the classical category takes in optic atrophy, glaucoma and retinal disease — and 白瞖 a white screen over the pupil, which is cataract or corneal opacity. Both are structural and neither is reversible by any oral drug: cataract is surgical, glaucoma needs pressure-lowering treatment to prevent further loss, and optic atrophy is not recoverable. This is the single most repeated indication in the amaranth and shepherd's-purse entries of this part of the chapter, and it should be read as the historical record it is rather than as a treatment.
殺蚘蟲, killing roundworm, is a real indication historically but ascariasis now has one-dose cures — albendazole or mebendazole — and heavy burdens can obstruct the bowel or the biliary tree.
譯 1.7.2 Translation영역
It governs liver wind and visiting heat, screened eyes and black flowers in the vision.
Clinical note임상 주석
黑花, black flowers in the vision, is the classical term for floaters and for scotoma. It is worth flagging for one reason: the sudden appearance of floaters, especially with flashes or a curtain across the field, is retinal detachment or vitreous haemorrhage and is a same-day ophthalmological emergency. Longstanding stable floaters are not.
譯 1.7.3 Source원문
處處有之. 其子霜後方熟, 實細而黑, 九十月採之. 《本草》
Translation영역
It is found everywhere. Its seed ripens only after the frost; the grain is fine and black, and it is gathered in the ninth and tenth months.
1.7.1 Amaranth Stalk and Leaf 莖葉
譯 1.7.1.1 Translation영역
It supplements qi, eliminates heat, and frees the nine orifices.
譯 1.7.1.2 Source원문
莧有六種, 而入藥惟人莧ㆍ白莧耳, 然其實一也. 《本草》
Translation영역
There are six kinds of amaranth, but only the man-amaranth and the white amaranth are used in medicine — and in truth they are one and the same.
Clinical note임상 주석
然其實一也 — in truth they are one — is the book settling a nomenclatural question against the six-fold classification it has just cited, and it is the kind of sentence worth keeping: 人莧 and 白莧 are forms of *Amaranthus* of the same cultivated group, and the Bogam says the distinction is not a real one.
Amaranth leaf is a food green and the thing to know about it is not in the book: the genus accumulates both oxalate and, in heavily fertilised ground, nitrate. Nitrate matters in one specific setting — cooked amaranth or spinach purée left standing, then re-fed to an infant under six months, has caused methaemoglobinaemia — and oxalate matters only for a person with recurrent calcium-oxalate stones. Boiling and discarding the water removes most of both.
1.7.2 Red Amaranth 赤莧
譯 1.7.2.1 Source원문
主赤痢血痢. 此莧莖葉深赤. 《本草》
Translation영역
It governs red dysentery and bloody dysentery. The stalk and leaf of this amaranth are deep red.
Clinical note임상 주석
Red leaves for bloody stools: the same colour reasoning as the hollyhock flower at 1.5.2, and the betacyanin that reddens this amaranth has nothing to do with haemostasis. 血痢, bloody diarrhoea, is dysentery — *Shigella*, *Campylobacter*, *Entamoeba*, or inflammatory bowel disease — and in a child with bloody diarrhoea the question that has to be asked is whether this is Shiga-toxin-producing *E. coli*, because haemolytic uraemic syndrome follows and antibiotics make it more likely. Stool culture, not a leaf.
1.7.3 Purple Amaranth 紫莧
譯 1.7.3.1 Source원문
主痢. 此莧莖葉通紫, 可染菜苽. 《本草》
Translation영역
It governs dysentery. The stalk and leaf of this amaranth are purple throughout, and it can be used to dye vegetables and gourds.
Clinical note임상 주석
可染菜苽 — it will dye vegetables and gourds — is a dyer's note rather than a medical one, and it identifies the pigment: the betacyanins of red and purple amaranth are water-soluble and stain readily, which is why amaranth leaf is still used to colour pickles and rice cakes. The entry is also a small piece of evidence that the chapter's compiler was recording what the plant was used for in a kitchen, not only in a pharmacy.
1.8 Purslane 馬齒莧
`쇠비름` 은 16세기 표기와 현대 표준어가 **글자째 같은** 자리이고, 지금도 Portulaca oleracea 의 표준 우리말 이름이다. 짜임은 `쇠`(소의ㆍ억센) + `비름`(1.7의 그 비름) 이며, 본문이 `雖名莧, 與人莧都不相似`(비름이라 이름하되 人莧과는 전혀 닮지 않았다) 고 적은 것과 이름이 맞물린다 — 우리말 이름도 한자 이름도 비름붙이로 묶어 두고 책 스스로 그것이 닮지 않았음을 적어 둔 자리다. 식물학으로도 쇠비름은 쇠비름과(Portulacaceae)이고 비름은 비름과(Amaranthaceae)여서 책의 말이 맞다.
譯 1.8.1 Source원문
性寒, 味酸, 無毒. 主諸腫惡瘡, 利大小便, 破癥結, 療金瘡內漏, 止渴, 殺諸蟲.
Translation영역
Its nature is cold, its flavour sour, and it is without toxicity. It governs swellings and malign sores of every kind, disinhibits stool and urine, breaks up concretions and binds, treats metal wounds with internal leakage, checks thirst, and kills worms of all kinds.
Clinical note임상 주석
**The caution this plant needs is renal, and the book's 味酸 is a hint at it.** Purslane is one of the highest-oxalate plants in the human diet — comparable to spinach and rhubarb leaf, and much of it as soluble oxalate — and the sourness is partly that. For a person with recurrent calcium-oxalate kidney stones, with enteric hyperoxaluria after bowel resection or bariatric surgery, or with primary hyperoxaluria, purslane eaten in quantity or taken as a decoction is a real risk, and acute oxalate nephropathy has been reported after large ingestions of high-oxalate greens. Boiling and discarding the water removes a good part of the soluble oxalate; the dried drug does not have that step.
Purslane is also notably high in potassium, which matters in advanced chronic kidney disease, and it is the richest plant source of α-linolenic acid among common leaf vegetables — the one modern claim about it that is well substantiated, and not a claim about any of the indications here.
療金瘡內漏, a metal wound with internal leakage, means penetrating trauma with internal bleeding. That is a surgical emergency and nothing in this entry touches it.
譯 1.8.2 Source원문
處處有之. 有二種, 葉大者不堪用, 葉小者節葉間有水銀者入藥. 性至難燥, 當以槐木槌碎之, 向日東作架, 晒三兩日卽乾. 入藥去莖節, 只取葉用.
Translation영역
It is found everywhere. There are two kinds: the large-leaved will not do for use, and the small-leaved, which has quicksilver between the nodes and leaves, is the one put into medicine. Its nature is extremely hard to dry; it should be pounded and crushed with a pagoda-tree mallet, set on a frame facing east toward the sun, and in two or three days' sunning it dries. For medicinal use the stalk and nodes are removed and only the leaf is taken.
Clinical note임상 주석
有水銀 — quicksilver between the nodes — is not a claim that purslane contains mercury in any modern sense, and it should not be read as one. It belongs to a persistent alchemical belief that certain plants concentrate mercury, and purslane was the standard example: Tang and Song sources describe expressing 'silver' from heaps of the dried herb. The observation behind it is probably the bright beading of the plant's own sap, which is unusually viscid.
The drying method is the practical content of the passage and it is honest technique: purslane is a succulent with crassulacean acid metabolism and extremely high water content, and it does resist drying — crushing it and racking it in full sun is what works. 去莖節, 只取葉用, discarding the stem and taking only the leaf, is a sorting rule that would also lower the oxalate burden, since the stems carry more of it than the leaves.
譯 1.8.3 Source원문
雖名莧, 與人莧都不相似. 又名五行草, 以其葉青ㆍ莖赤ㆍ花黄ㆍ根白ㆍ子黑也. 《本草》
Translation영역
Though it is called an amaranth, it is not in the least like the man-amaranth. Another name for it is five-phase herb, because its leaf is green, its stalk red, its flower yellow, its root white and its seed black.
Clinical note임상 주석
雖名莧, 與人莧都不相似 is the book correcting its own nomenclature, and modern botany agrees with it: purslane is *Portulaca oleracea*, in the Portulacaceae, and has nothing to do with the amaranths of 1.7. The Korean names run the same way — 쇠비름 against 비름 — so both naming systems file it wrongly and both the book and the Korean gloss record that it does not belong.
五行草, the five-phase herb, is the clearest small example in the chapter of correspondence thinking applied to a plant's appearance, and the five colours it lists are actually there. It is a mnemonic, not an argument for any of the drug's uses.
譯 1.8.4 Source원문
葉形如馬齒, 故以名之. 《入門》
Translation영역
The shape of the leaf is like a horse's tooth, and that is why it is so named.
1.8.1 Purslane Seed 子
譯 1.8.1.1 Source원문
主青盲白瞖. 搗末和飮服之. 《本草》
Translation영역
It governs green blindness and white screens. Pound it to a powder, mix it into a drink, and take it.
Clinical note임상 주석
The same eye indication as 1.7, and the same answer: cataract is surgical, glaucoma needs pressure-lowering treatment, and optic atrophy does not recover. The seed is not in this site's materia medica and 馬齒莧子 appears in no formula in the book.
1.9 Turnip 蔓菁
쉰무우 순무 sunmu, turnip
`쉰무우` 는 `쉰` + `무우`의 짜임이고, 현대 표준어 **순무** 가 바로 이 낱말의 뒤 꼴이다(`쉰무우 > 순무`). 뒤 조각은 또렷하다 — `무우` 는 1988년 표기 개정 전까지 표준 표기였고 지금은 `무` 이며, 이 문에서 1.10 `댄무우` 와 짝을 이룬다. 앞 조각 `쉰-` 은 지금 말에서 따로 떼어 쓰이지 않으나 합친 꼴 `순무` 로 살아 있으므로 비우지 않았다. 1.9 `쉰무우`(蔓菁)와 1.10 `댄무우`(莱菔)가 **같은 머리 `무우` 에 다른 수식부를 붙여 순무와 무를 가르는** 짝이고, 그 둘이 이 문에서 가장 또렷한 16세기 우리말 어휘 자료다.
譯 1.9.1 Source원문
性温, 味甘, 無毒. 主利五蔵, 消食下氣, 療黄疸, 輕身益氣.
Translation영역
Its nature is warm, its flavour sweet, and it is without toxicity. It governs disinhibiting the five viscera, disperses food and precipitates qi, treats jaundice, and lightens the body and boosts the qi.
Clinical note임상 주석
療黄疸 is the indication to be careful with. Jaundice is a sign and not a disease: in an adult it means obstruction (stone, stricture, pancreatic or biliary tumour), hepatocellular injury (viral hepatitis, alcohol, drugs) or haemolysis, and painless jaundice with weight loss in an older person is a presentation for urgent imaging. Several entries in this chapter carry 療黄疸 — turnip, turnip seed, radish, Chinese cabbage, mallow, amaranth, wild endive and shepherd's purse among them — which is a sign that the indication attached to the whole class of cooling vegetables rather than to anything specific in any of them.
As a food, *Brassica rapa* carries glucosinolates and thiocyanates that inhibit iodide uptake. That matters in only two settings: very large habitual intakes of raw brassica in an iodine-deficient population, and a patient on thyroid replacement who changes their diet abruptly. Korea is iodine-replete.
譯 1.9.2 Source원문
四時皆有. 春食苗, 夏食葉, 秋食莖, 冬食根, 亦可以備飢歲, 菜中之最有益者. 根在地下, 經冬不枯, 至春復生, 常食之令人肥健.
Translation영역
It is to be had in all four seasons: in spring the shoots are eaten, in summer the leaves, in autumn the stalk, in winter the root. It will also serve against a year of famine, and it is the most beneficial of vegetables. The root stays in the ground, does not wither through the winter, and comes up again by spring; eaten regularly it makes a person plump and robust.
Clinical note임상 주석
A food-security entry rather than a pharmacological one, and precise about it: four harvests from one plant across the year, and a reserve in the ground against a bad season. The turnip's standing as 菜中之最有益者 is of its period — a hardy biennial root that overwinters was worth more than a summer leaf — and it is the kind of judgement the chapter makes repeatedly and that a modern reader should not take as a nutritional ranking.
譯 1.9.3 Source원문
諸菜之中, 有益無損, 最宜長服. 《本草》
Translation영역
Among all the vegetables it benefits and does no harm, and is the most suitable for long-term use.
1.9.1 Turnip Seed 子
譯 1.9.1.1 Source원문
性温. 下氣, 明目, 療黄疸, 利小便. 蒸曝久服長生. 《本草》
Translation영역
Its nature is warm. It precipitates qi, brightens the eyes, treats jaundice and disinhibits urine. Steamed and sun-dried and taken over a long time it lengthens life.
Clinical note임상 주석
**This is the turnip drug the formulary uses**, not the root: 蔓菁子 is in the site's materia medica as Brassicae Rapae Semen and the root is not. It appears in only one formula, so the weight of the entry is historical.
蒸曝 — steamed and sun-dried — is the standard processing of a brassica seed and is what makes 長生 claims of this kind readable: the seed is a nine-times-steamed, nine-times-dried longevity preparation of the sort the materia medica applies to sesame and to several other oily seeds. There is nothing to warn against and nothing to recommend; the life-lengthening claim is not testable in the form given.
There is no `part_of` on this leaf because its parent, the turnip root at 1.9, has no entry in the drug table; nothing is invented for it, and the page template reaches the parent entry by number.
1.10 Radish 莱菔
`댄무우` 는 `댄` + `무우`의 짜임이고, 1.9 `쉰무우`(순무)와 **같은 머리를 쓰는 짝** 이다. 뒤 조각은 또렷하다 — `무우` 가 지금의 `무` 다(1988년 표기 개정 전 표준 표기가 `무우` 였다). 앞 조각 `댄-` 은 **지금 말로 이어지지 않는다**: 현대 표준어는 수식부 없이 그냥 `무` 이고 `댄무`ㆍ`댓무` 는 표준어에 없다. 그러므로 `hyangmyeong_mod` 에는 지금 쓰는 낱말 `무` 만 적고, 사라진 수식부를 여기 적어 둔다. 16세기 문헌의 다른 자리에는 같은 낱말이 `댓-` 으로도 적히므로 `댄` 의 ㄴ은 `ㅅ` 과 흔들린 표기로 보이는데, 이 전사본에 교감줄이 붙어 있지 않아 **어느 쪽이 이 판의 읽기인지는 가릴 수 없다.** 가린 척하지 않고 적어 둔다.
譯 1.10.1 Source원문
性温一云冷云平, 味辛甘, 無毒. 消食, 去痰癖, 止消渴, 利關節, 練五蔵惡氣, 治肺痿吐血, 勞瘦咳嗽.
Translation영역
Its nature is warm one says chilled, one says balanced, its flavour acrid and sweet, and it is without toxicity. It disperses food, removes phlegm aggregation, checks dispersion-thirst, disinhibits the joints, refines malign qi out of the five viscera, and treats lung wilting with spitting of blood, and taxation emaciation with cough.
Clinical note임상 주석
**The drug this chapter actually uses is the seed at 1.10.1, not the root**, and the numbers show it: the site's formulary has 47 ingredient entries for 萊菔子, the radish seed, and 14 for the root, and the root's appearances are mostly as a food or a vehicle. The link here is to the root entry 蘿蔔, which is the table's name for it; the headword form 莱菔 is not in the alias table and is reported for addition.
治肺痿吐血, 勞瘦咳嗽 — lung wilting with haemoptysis, and wasting with cough — is tuberculosis as the period met it. Haemoptysis with weight loss and night sweats is a presentation for chest imaging and sputum testing today, and tuberculosis is curable with a six-month regimen; it should not be treated with a food-drug.
One genuine interaction belongs here and is not in the book: radish and ginseng are held in the tradition to work against each other, and radish seed is classed as a qi-moving drug that undoes qi-supplementing ones. The pharmacological basis is unknown. What is established is quite different — the radish and the whole brassica group carry glucosinolates that are hydrolysed to isothiocyanates, and in very large habitual intakes these have goitrogenic potential; and the root is high in nitrate, which is harmless in a healthy person.
譯 1.10.2 Source원문
處處種之, 常食之莱也. 此物下氣最速. 久服澁榮衛, 令鬚髮早白.
Translation영역
It is planted everywhere and is the vegetable of everyday eating. This thing precipitates qi faster than anything. Taken over a long time it roughens the construction and defence qi and makes the beard and hair whiten early.
Clinical note임상 주석
**久服澁榮衛, 令鬚髮早白 is the book's own caution against its own everyday vegetable**, and it should be kept as such. The claim that long use whitens the hair has no modern counterpart, but the pattern does: a drug classed as strongly 下氣, qi-precipitating, is held to deplete with prolonged use, and the Bogam attaches that limit even to a food. 此物下氣最速 — faster than anything — is the reason.
譯 1.10.3 Source원문
俗名蘿葍, 亦曰蘆菔. 以能制來麰麪毒, 故亦名莱菔. 《本草》
Translation영역
Its common name is nabok, and it is also called nobok. Because it can curb the toxin of wheat and barley flour, it is also named naebok.
Clinical note임상 주석
**This is the book explaining its own headword, and the explanation is a pun on the graph.** 來 is wheat, 麰 barley; 萊菔 is read as the drug that controls 來 — wheat-flour toxin — and the name is derived from the action. The folk etymology is almost certainly backwards, since 蘿蔔 and 蘆菔 are older transcriptions of the same word, but what it records is a real use: raw radish grated into wheat-flour dishes as a digestive, which is what the tradition still does. The site's formulary knows the root under 蘿葍, which is the name used in 107 places in the corpus.
The one point of substance is that this is also the source of the romanization tangle: 萊菔 read strictly at the head of a word is 내복, but the drug table of this site reads it 나복 after 蘿葍, and the romanization here follows the table so that the section and the drug it links to agree. The report records it.
1.10.1 Radish Seed 子
譯 1.10.1.1 Source원문
治膨脹積聚, 利五蔵及大小二便. 又硏末飮服, 吐風痰甚效.
Translation영역
It treats distension and accumulation gatherings, and disinhibits the five viscera and both the stool and the urine. Ground to a powder and taken in a drink it brings up wind-phlegm with great effect.
Clinical note임상 주석
**Radish seed is one of the chapter's genuinely busy drugs** — 47 ingredient entries in this site's formulary — and it is still in use, as 萊菔子, for food stagnation, distension and productive cough. The modern caution attached to it in Chinese practice is the one the tradition states: it moves qi downward strongly and is avoided in qi vacuity and with qi-supplementing drugs.
吐風痰甚效, bringing up wind-phlegm, makes this an emetic at the dose implied, and deliberate emesis is a technique that has left modern practice for good reasons: aspiration, Mallory-Weiss tears, electrolyte loss, and — in a patient who has swallowed a caustic or a hydrocarbon — oesophageal and airway injury on the way back up. Ipecac was withdrawn on that evidence. The chapter uses induced vomiting repeatedly (see 1.11.2 and 1.14.1) and the hazard is the same each time.
譯 1.10.1.2 Source원문
菘子黑, 蔓菁子紫赤, 大小相似. 惟蘿葍子黄赤色, 大數倍, 復不圎也. 《本草》
Translation영역
Chinese cabbage seed is black, turnip seed purplish red, and the two are alike in size. Only radish seed is yellowish red, several times larger, and not round besides.
Clinical note임상 주석
A straight identification key for three brassica seeds that are otherwise easy to confuse, written as a comparison of colour, size and shape — and it is accurate. This is the kind of passage that makes the chapter usable as a materia medica rather than only as a compilation: the three seeds in question are all drugs in this chapter (1.11.1, 1.9.1 and this), and the entry tells a buyer how to tell them apart in the bag.
1.11 Chinese Cabbage 菘菜
`ᄇᆡᄎᆡ` 는 아래아+ㅣ(`ᆡ`)를 두 번 쓴 꼴이고, 뒤 음절이 `ㅜ` 로 옮겨 현대 표준어 **배추** 가 되었다(`ᄇᆡᄎᆡ > 배채 > 배추`). 한자어 白菜가 아니라 菘菜의 음에서 온 이름이며, 그래서 지금도 한자로 적을 때 `白菜` 를 쓰면서 소리는 `배추` 로 남는다. 이 문에서 `ᆡ` 가 든 향명은 이것과 1.1 `ᄉᆡᆼ강`(생강) 둘이고, 둘 다 현대 음으로 또렷하게 이어진다.
譯 1.11.1 Source원문
性平一云凉, 味甘, 無毒一云微毒. 消食下氣, 通利腸胃, 除胷中熱, 解酒渴, 止消渴.
Translation영역
Its nature is balanced one says cool, its flavour sweet, and it is without toxicity one says slightly toxic. It disperses food and precipitates qi, frees and disinhibits the intestines and stomach, eliminates heat in the chest, resolves the thirst of wine, and checks dispersion-thirst.
Clinical note임상 주석
The two interlinear glosses disagree with the main text on both counts — 平 against 凉, 無毒 against 微毒 — and the Bogam prints the disagreement rather than resolving it. Nothing in a cabbage justifies 微毒, and the next passage is probably what the gloss is reaching for: a food that is held to bring on cold illness if eaten in quantity.
止消渴 appears here and in a dozen entries of this chapter. 消渴 covers diabetes mellitus among other wasting-thirst illnesses, and the one thing to say plainly is that a vegetable is not a treatment for it: type 1 diabetes is fatal without insulin, and type 2 needs monitoring and drugs that have been shown to prevent its complications. A high-vegetable diet is good advice for a different reason and at a different level of claim.
譯 1.11.2 Source원문
菜中有菘, 最爲常食, 然多食發冷病, 惟生薑可解. 《本草》
Translation영역
Among vegetables there is the Chinese cabbage, the most ordinary of foods; yet eaten in quantity it brings on cold illness, and only fresh ginger can resolve it.
Clinical note임상 주석
惟生薑可解 is a small piece of the chapter's internal cross-referencing: the remedy for one entry's excess is the drug of another entry four pages earlier, and it is the same pairing that appears in Korean cooking, where ginger goes into the cabbage kimchi. The book is describing a kitchen practice and giving it a pharmacological reading.
1.11.1 Chinese Cabbage Seed 子
譯 1.11.1.1 Source원문
可作油, 塗頭長髮, 塗刀劍令不銹. 《本草》
Translation영역
It can be made into an oil: rubbed on the head it lengthens the hair, and rubbed on a blade it keeps it from rusting.
Clinical note임상 주석
Two uses of one pressed oil and neither of them internal. The second is straightforwardly true and is why the entry is here: a drying vegetable oil wiped on steel excludes water and is still how a carbon-steel blade is stored. The first is cosmetic and there is nothing to it beyond what any oil does to hair; androgenetic alopecia has two drugs with evidence behind them, minoxidil and finasteride, and no topical seed oil belongs in that company.
The seed is not in this site's materia medica under its own name and 菘菜子 appears in no formula in the book.
1.11.2 Sour Pickle Water 虀
譯 1.11.2.1 Source원문
菘菜晒令半乾, 次早取入壜內, 以熱飯飮浸之, 三日後則酸如醋, 謂之虀水. 入藥可吐痰涎, 和五味作湯食, 益脾胃, 解酒麪毒. 《入門》
Translation영역
Chinese cabbage is sunned until half dry, and the next morning put into a jar and steeped in the hot water drained from boiled rice; after three days it turns sour like vinegar, and this is called pickle water. Put into medicine it can bring up phlegm and drool; blended with the five flavours and made into a soup it benefits the spleen and stomach and resolves the toxin of wine and of wheat flour.
Clinical note임상 주석
**This is the one item in my part of the chapter that is not a plant or a plant part: it is a preparation — lacto-fermented cabbage brine — and it is a real drug in this book.** The site's formulary uses it in six places under 虀汁 or 虀水 and always in the same role: the sour liquid in which an emetic powder is stirred and swallowed, in 酸虀汁, 溫虀水, 淡虀水. The preparation described is unmistakably the ancestor of 김치 국물 and of the 동치미 brine, and the three days to sourness is right for a warm lactic fermentation started on rice water, which supplies the starch and the lactobacilli.
Two modern notes. The deliberate emesis for which the formulary uses it carries the hazards set out at 1.10.1 — aspiration above all — and is not a technique to revive. And a home fermentation of this kind in an anaerobic jar is the setting in which *Clostridium botulinum* has to be thought about; the acidity that develops is what prevents it, so a batch that has not soured is the dangerous one.
Because this entry is a processed liquid rather than a vegetable kind, it is also the best candidate in my part of the chapter for the item the chapter head does not count — see the report on 凡一百二十二種.
1.12 Bamboo Shoot 竹笋
듁슌 죽순 juksun, bamboo shoot
`듁슌` 은 한자어 竹筍의 16세기 음 표기다. `듁 → 죽` 은 ㄷ 구개음화 이전 표기이고 (1.3의 `올ᄆᆡ` 와 달리 이것은 한자음이다), `슌 → 순` 은 ㅅ 뒤 ㅠ>ㅜ 의 보통 꼴이므로 **죽순** 으로 또렷하게 이어진다. 둘 다 이 시기 표기의 규칙적인 꼴이어서 가릴 것이 없는 자리다.
譯 1.12.1 Source원문
性寒, 味甘, 無毒. 止消渴, 利水道, 除煩熱, 益氣.
Translation영역
Its nature is cold, its flavour sweet, and it is without toxicity. It checks dispersion-thirst, disinhibits the waterways, eliminates vexing heat, and boosts the qi.
Clinical note임상 주석
**無毒 is true of the bamboo shoot as this entry prepares it and false of the raw shoot, and the difference is cyanide.** Bamboo shoots contain taxiphyllin, a cyanogenic glycoside concentrated in the growing tip, at levels that in some species reach several hundred milligrams of hydrogen cyanide equivalent per kilogram of fresh tissue — among the highest of any food plant. Eating raw or lightly cooked shoots causes cyanide poisoning: headache, dizziness, vomiting, breathlessness, and in quantity collapse. Taxiphyllin is unusually heat-labile for a cyanogenic glycoside, and boiling in an open pot drives off the released hydrogen cyanide; twenty minutes of boiling removes most of it and the water is discarded. This is why every bamboo-shoot food tradition boils them, and why the Bogam's 取蒸煑食之 two passages below is not a culinary note but the detoxification.
Commercially canned shoots have been boiled and are safe. A shoot dug in a garden and stir-fried raw is not.
譯 1.12.2 Source원문
生南方竹林中. 發冷動氣, 不可多食. 《本草》
Translation영역
It grows in the bamboo groves of the south. It brings on cold and stirs the qi, and must not be eaten in quantity.
Clinical note임상 주석
**不可多食 is the book's own limit and it lands on the right side.** The reason the Bogam gives is thermal and the modern reason is the cyanogenic load, which is dose-dependent in exactly the way a prohibition on quantity would catch; the two reasonings do not meet, but the instruction they produce is the same. 發冷動氣 also covers something a modern reader will recognise: bamboo shoot is high in insoluble fibre and poorly digested, and the gas and cramping after a large plateful is ordinary.
譯 1.12.3 Source원문
消痰, 利水, 爽胃氣. 取蒸煑食之. 《入門》
Translation영역
It disperses phlegm, disinhibits water, and refreshes the stomach qi. Take it steamed or boiled and eat it.
Clinical note임상 주석
**取蒸煑食之 — take it steamed or boiled — is the sentence that makes the whole entry safe, and it is the processing instruction a modern reader should recognise as pharmacologically load-bearing.** Boiling is what destroys the taxiphyllin described at the first passage. Steaming is less effective than open boiling, because the hydrogen cyanide released has nowhere to go, so of the book's two methods the second is the one that works; I note the distinction rather than attributing it to the text.
譯 1.12.4 Source원문
笋類甚多, 滋味甚爽, 人喜食之, 然性冷難化, 不益脾胃, 宜少食之. 《食物》
Translation영역
The kinds of shoot are very many, the taste is very refreshing, and people are glad to eat them; but their nature is cold and hard to transform, they do not benefit the spleen and stomach, and little should be eaten.
Clinical note임상 주석
The third statement of the same limit in one short entry — 不可多食, 宜少食之 — which for a food this ordinary is worth noticing. 笋類甚多 is also accurate: the shoots of dozens of bamboo species are eaten and their cyanogenic content differs widely between them, which is a reason the blanket instruction to boil is the right one.
Neither 竹笋 nor 竹筍 is in this site's materia medica and neither appears in any formula in the book; the bamboo drugs the formulary uses are the leaf, the shavings and the sap, which belong to the Woods chapter. So this entry is correctly left unlinked rather than being linked to a bamboo drug of a different part.
1.13 Watermelon 西瓜
`슈박` 은 ㅅ 뒤 ㅠ>ㅜ 의 보통 꼴로 현대 표준어 **수박** 이 된다(`슈박 > 수박`). 한자어 西瓜의 음(서과)이 아니라 우리말 이름이고, 지금도 `수박` 이 표준어이므로 가릴 것이 없는 자리다. 이 문의 박과 다섯 가운데 1.13 `슈박`(수박)ㆍ1.14 `ᄎᆞᆷ외`(참외)ㆍ1.16 `외`(오이)ㆍ1.17 `수세외`(수세미오이) 넷이 **`박`과 `외`로 갈리는 우리말 분류**를 보여 주고, 1.15 `동화`(동아)만 한자어 쪽에 붙는다.
譯 1.13.1 Source원문
性寒, 味甘極淡, 無毒. 壓煩渴, 消暑毒, 寬中下氣, 利小便, 治血痢, 療口瘡. 《入門》
Translation영역
Its nature is cold, its flavour sweet and extremely bland, and it is without toxicity. It settles vexing thirst, disperses summerheat toxin, relaxes the centre and precipitates qi, disinhibits urine, treats bloody dysentery and treats mouth sores.
Clinical note임상 주석
**This is the first of five cucurbits in a row — watermelon, oriental melon, wax gourd, cucumber, loofah — and one caution belongs to the whole group.** The Cucurbitaceae make cucurbitacins, intensely bitter triterpenes that are the plant's own defence; cultivated varieties have been bred to near-zero levels, but reversion happens, and a bitter fruit from a self-saved seed, a volunteer plant or a cross with an ornamental gourd can carry enough to cause what is reported as toxic squash syndrome: violent vomiting, cramping abdominal pain and profuse diarrhoea within hours, and in a series of French cases, diffuse hair loss some weeks later. The rule that follows from it is simple and reliable — **a melon, courgette or cucumber that tastes bitter should be spat out and thrown away, not finished.** The Bogam notices the bitterness question in its own way at 1.14, where it warns against melons that sink in water and ones with doubled pedicels.
Watermelon itself is water, sugar and lycopene, and 味甘極淡 — sweet and extremely bland — is a fair description. Nothing in this entry needs a warning. 治血痢 is the one claim that points the wrong way: bloody diarrhoea wants a stool culture, and the caution at 1.7.2 applies.
譯 1.13.2 Source원문
契丹破回紇, 得此種, 以牛糞覆而種之. 其實圎大如瓠, 色如青玉, 子如金色, 或赤或黑或黑麻色. 北地多有之, 今則流播南北, 處處皆有之, 六七月熟. 《日用》
Translation영역
When the Khitan broke the Uighurs they got this seed, and sowed it covered with cattle dung. Its fruit is round and large as a bottle gourd, its colour like green jade, its seeds gold-coloured, or red, or black, or black-sesame coloured. It abounds in the northern country, and now it has spread north and south, and is everywhere; it ripens in the sixth and seventh months.
Clinical note임상 주석
A piece of transmission history that happens to be approximately right: the watermelon reached China from the west through the Khitan Liao in the tenth century, which is why the name is 西瓜, western melon, and the account here comes through the Yuan-period 日用本草. 以牛糞覆而種之 is a cultivation note — a dung mulch over the seed — and the seed-colour list is a varietal key of the sort this chapter does well.
譯 1.13.3 Source원문
有一種楊溪瓜, 秋生冬熟, 形畧長匾而大, 瓤色臙紅, 味勝西瓜, 可留至次年夏間. 或云異人遺種也. 《食物》
Translation영역
There is a kind called the Yangxi melon: it sets in autumn and ripens in winter, somewhat long and flat in shape and large, the flesh rouge-red, better in flavour than the watermelon, and it will keep until the following summer. Some say an extraordinary person left the seed behind.
Clinical note임상 주석
可留至次年夏間 — it keeps until the next summer — is the detail that makes this entry worth something: a melon that stores for most of a year is a winter-keeping variety, and the description, long and flat with deep red flesh, fits the storage watermelons that are still grown. 或云異人遺種也, that an immortal left the seed, is the compiler reporting a story as a story.
1.14 Oriental Melon 甜瓜
`ᄎᆞᆷ외` 는 `ᄎᆞᆷ`(참, 진짜의) + `외`(오이)의 짜임이고, 아래아가 `ㅏ` 로 가는 보통 꼴로 현대 표준어 **참외** 가 된다. 1.16 胡瓜의 향명이 그냥 `외` 이므로, 16세기에 `외` 가 Cucumis 속의 두루 이름이고 `ᄎᆞᆷ외` 가 그 가운데 **참된 것**이라는 짜임이 두 절에서 함께 드러난다. 한자 쪽도 甜瓜(단 외)와 胡瓜(되의 외)로 같은 꼴로 가르므로, 두 체계가 같은 자리에서 맞물린다.
譯 1.14.1 Source원문
性寒, 味甘, 有毒一云無毒. 止渴, 除煩熱, 利小便, 通三焦間壅塞氣, 兼主口鼻瘡.
Translation영역
Its nature is cold, its flavour sweet, and it is toxic one says it is without toxicity. It checks thirst, eliminates vexing heat, disinhibits urine, frees congested and blocked qi between the three burners, and also governs sores of the mouth and nose.
Clinical note임상 주석
有毒 on a sweet melon, with a gloss denying it, and this time the main text is closer to being right than the gloss: see the third passage, which is where the chapter comes nearest to describing cucurbitacin poisoning.
譯 1.14.2 Source원문
處處有之. 多食則動宿冷病, 破腹, 令人脚手無力.
Translation영역
It is found everywhere. Eaten in quantity it stirs up abiding cold illness, splits the belly, and leaves the hands and feet without strength.
譯 1.14.3 Source원문
有癥癖ㆍ患脚氣人尤不可食. 沉水者及兩蔕兩鼻並殺人. 《本草》
Translation영역
People with concretions and aggregations, and those suffering from leg qi, must especially not eat it. Those that sink in water, and those with doubled pedicels or doubled navels, kill people.
Clinical note임상 주석
**沉水者及兩蔕兩鼻並殺人 — melons that sink in water, or that have two pedicels or two navels, kill people — is the most striking safety statement in this part of the chapter, and it is not a superstition.** Two sorting rules are given, and both pick out abnormal fruit. A melon that sinks is one whose flesh has not developed the air spaces of a ripe fruit, or which is waterlogged and fermenting; a fruit with doubled pedicel or doubled blossom-end is a fused or malformed one. Both are the kind of fruit that in the cucurbits carries high cucurbitacin — the bitter principle described at 1.13 — and cucurbitacin poisoning does cause the violent gastroenteritis that would be read as 殺人. The rule is empirical, it is stated as absolute, and it is the right rule even though the reason given is none.
That the book says this and the modern literature says *throw away any cucurbit that tastes bitter* is as close as this chapter comes to converging with a twentieth-century toxicology. It should be kept exactly as written.
患脚氣 is beriberi in the classical sense — thiamine deficiency with oedema and weakness — and 令人脚手無力 in the previous passage is the same picture. The association with melon-eating is probably seasonal rather than causal, but it is worth recording that thiamine deficiency is treated with thiamine and that wet beriberi with heart failure is fatal untreated.
1.14.1 Melon Pedicel 瓜蔕
`ᄎᆞᆷ외고고리` 는 `ᄎᆞᆷ외`(참외, 1.14의 그 이름) + `고고리`의 짜임이다. `고고리` 는 열매ㆍ꽃이 달린 자리, 곧 **꼭지** 를 가리키는 낱말이고 지금 표준어에서는 `꼭지` 에 밀렸으나 제주 방언에 `고고리` 로 그대로 살아 있다. 그래서 `hyangmyeong_mod` 에는 뜻이 이어진 현대어 `참외 꼭지` 를 적었다 — 소리만 옮기면 `고고리` 그대로이고 그것은 지금 표준어가 아니기 때문이다. 이 문에서 **잎(하위번호)에 향명이 붙은 자리는 둘뿐**이고(여기와 1.18.2 `흰계ᄌᆞ`), 둘 다 어미와는 다른 독립한 이름이다.
譯 1.14.1.1 Source원문
性寒, 味苦, 有毒. 主通身浮腫, 下水, 殺蠱毒, 去鼻中瘜肉, 療黄疸及食諸物過多, 病在胷中者, 皆吐下之.
Translation영역
Its nature is cold, its flavour bitter, and it is toxic. It governs generalised oedema, brings down water, kills gu toxin, removes polyps in the nose, and treats jaundice and the eating of any thing to excess; where the disease is in the chest, it brings it all up or down.
Clinical note임상 주석
**This leaf is the sharpest point in my part of the chapter: the drug is genuinely active, the book uses it for exactly what it does, and that is precisely why it is dangerous.**
味苦 and 有毒 are both correct and they are the same fact. The pedicel and the tissue immediately around it is where a cucurbit concentrates its cucurbitacins — the bitter triterpenes described at 1.13 — and cucurbitacin B and E are potent emetics and purgatives. So 皆吐下之, it brings everything up or down, is a true description of the pharmacology, and the formulary of this site uses 瓜蔕 in 16 places, under this name and under 苦丁香, as the emetic of first resort: in 瓜蔕散 for food that has lodged in the chest, and in the jaundice and oedema formulas.
The therapeutic window is the problem. Cucurbitacin poisoning is violent vomiting and watery diarrhoea with cramping, and in quantity it produces dehydration, hypotension and electrolyte derangement; fatal cases are recorded from cucurbitacin-containing gourd juices, and there are published series of hospitalisation after people drank bitter bottle-gourd juice as a health measure. The dose that empties the stomach and the dose that causes serious harm are not far apart, and a dried pedicel from an unknown melon carries an unknown amount.
**Deliberate emesis is not a technique to revive, whatever the drug.** It aspirates, it tears the oesophagus, and after a caustic or a hydrocarbon it reinjures the airway on the way back up; ipecac was withdrawn from use on that evidence. Where the Bogam gives 瓜蔕 for food stuck in the chest, the modern answer is endoscopy. Where it gives it for 通身浮腫, generalised oedema, the answer is to find out whether the cause is heart failure, nephrotic syndrome or liver disease, because all three are treatable and none of them is treated by a purge.
去鼻中瘜肉, removing nasal polyps, is an external application of the powder and is worth one line: nasal polyposis is now treated with topical corticosteroids, with surgery for failures, and an irritant insufflated into the nose will give epistaxis and pain without shrinking anything.
譯 1.14.1.2 Source원문
卽甜瓜蔕也, 一名苦丁香. 瓜有青白二種, 當用青瓜蔕. 七月待瓜熟氣足, 其蔕自然落在蔓莖上約半寸許, 採取隂乾, 麩炒黄色用. 《本草》
Translation영역
This is the pedicel of the oriental melon, also called bitter clove. There are green and white kinds of melon, and the green melon's pedicel is the one to use. In the seventh month, when the melon has ripened and its qi is full, the pedicel falls of itself and is left on the vine about half an inch long; it is gathered, dried in the shade, and roasted with bran to a yellow colour before use.
Clinical note임상 주석
**The book explains its own headword — 卽甜瓜蔕也 — which is why this leaf links to the drug table's 瓜蔕 directly, and 一名苦丁香 gives the alias under which the formulary also records it.**
The gathering instruction is unusually exact and all of it is functional. 待瓜熟氣足, 其蔕自然落 — waiting until the pedicel drops of itself — selects fully mature tissue rather than a cut green stem; 約半寸許 fixes how much to take; 隂乾, shade-drying, preserves a triterpene that would degrade in sun; and 麩炒黄色 is a bran-roast that moderates the harshness, which is the standard way of taking the edge off a drastic drug. A reader should notice that the Bogam is at its most precise exactly where the drug is most active, and that the roasting step is the one that would reduce the cucurbitacin load.
1.14.2 Melon Seed 瓜子
譯 1.14.2.1 Source원문
主腹內結聚, 破潰膿血, 最爲腸胃癕要藥. 又主婦人月經太過.
Translation영역
It governs bound gatherings within the abdomen, breaks open and drains pus and blood, and is the essential drug for abscess of the intestines and stomach. It also governs excessive menstruation in women.
Clinical note임상 주석
腸胃癕 — an abscess of the intestines or stomach — is in practice appendicitis with an appendix mass, a diverticular abscess, or a perforated viscus walled off. These are surgical and, now, often interventional-radiology problems: an intra-abdominal abscess is drained and covered with antibiotics, and delay is what kills. The claim that a melon seed is the 要藥, the essential drug, for this is the most consequential overclaim in my part of the chapter, and the only honest commentary is to say so.
月經太過, heavy menstrual bleeding, is common, treatable and frequently iron-deficient by the time it is presented; the modern first-line answers are tranexamic acid, a non-steroidal, or a levonorgestrel intrauterine system, with investigation for fibroids, adenomyosis, coagulopathy and — after forty-five, or earlier with risk factors — endometrial sampling.
譯 1.14.2.2 Source원문
曝乾搗末, 三重紙包褁, 壓去油用之. 《本草》
Translation영역
Sun-dry it, pound it to a powder, wrap it in three layers of paper and press the oil out before use.
Clinical note임상 주석
壓去油 — pressing out the oil through folded paper — is a real and recurring technique in this materia medica, applied to the oily seeds and kernels whose fixed oil is held to be the purging part. It is the same step the chapter applies to 蓖麻子 and to several nut kernels elsewhere. The defatted meal is what goes into the powder, and the instruction is worth keeping because it changes what the drug is.
1.14.3 Melon Leaf 葉
譯 1.14.3.1 Translation영역
It governs having no hair. Take the juice and rub it on.
Clinical note임상 주석
A one-line cosmetic entry with nothing behind it. Alopecia has causes that matter — alopecia areata, tinea capitis in a child, traction, iron and thyroid disease, drugs, and the diffuse shedding that follows a severe illness — and androgenetic hair loss has two treatments with real evidence, topical minoxidil and oral finasteride. Melon-leaf juice is not among them, and it is worth saying because a patient reading a translated classic may take a harmless rub as an alternative to a diagnosis.
1.14.4 Melon Flower 花
譯 1.14.4.1 Translation영역
It governs heart pain and cough counterflow.
Clinical note임상 주석
心痛 in this book covers epigastric as well as cardiac pain, which is why the term appears attached to so many digestive drugs. The distinction is the one that matters most in a modern clinic: chest pain that is exertional, central, heavy or radiating, or accompanied by sweating or breathlessness, is a cardiac presentation and an electrocardiogram question, not a dyspepsia one.
1.14.5 Wild Melon 野甜瓜
譯 1.14.5.1 Source원문
又名馬剝兒. 味酸, 似甜瓜而小. 治噎膈有功. 《入門》
Translation영역
It is also called mabagwa. Its flavour is sour; it is like the oriental melon but smaller. It has merit in treating dysphagia-occlusion.
Clinical note임상 주석
**噎膈 is the most serious disease name in my part of the chapter and the one a clinician should stop at.** It is food sticking on the way down and then being brought back: progressive dysphagia, first for solids, with weight loss. In an adult over fifty, in a smoker, in a heavy drinker, or against a background of long-standing reflux, that is oesophageal carcinoma until proved otherwise, and the proof is endoscopy, not a trial of treatment. Achalasia, a peptic stricture, and eosinophilic oesophagitis make up most of the rest. 治噎膈有功 should not be allowed to delay a scope by a single week; survival in oesophageal cancer turns on stage at diagnosis more than on anything done afterwards.
馬剝兒 is one name among several for the small wild melons of *Cucumis*, and 味酸 together with 似甜瓜而小 says the fruit is sour and small — both of which, in a cucurbit, are the signs that bitterness and cucurbitacin may be present. The group caution at 1.13 applies here with more force than to the cultivated melon.
1.15 Wax Gourd 白冬瓜
`동화` 는 모음 사이 ㅎ 이 떨어지는 보통 꼴로 현대 표준어 **동아** 가 된다 (`동화 > 동아`). 지금도 Benincasa hispida 의 표준 우리말 이름이 `동아` 이고, 한자어 쪽은 `동과`(冬瓜)로 따로 남았다 — 곧 16세기의 `동화` 는 한자음 `동과` 와 우리말 `동아` 사이의 꼴이다. 이 문의 박과 다섯 가운데 향명이 `박`ㆍ`외` 가 아닌 것은 이것 하나뿐이다.
譯 1.15.1 Source원문
性微寒一云冷, 味甘, 無毒. 主三消渴疾, 解積熱, 利大小腸, 壓丹石毒, 除水脹, 止心煩.
Translation영역
Its nature is slightly cold one says chilled, its flavour sweet, and it is without toxicity. It governs the three dispersion-thirst diseases, resolves accumulated heat, disinhibits the large and small intestines, settles the toxin of cinnabar and mineral drugs, eliminates water distension, and checks vexation of the heart.
Clinical note임상 주석
壓丹石毒 is worth a line because it is the chapter answering another part of the book. 丹石 are the cinnabar and mineral preparations — mercury, arsenic, lead — which the Bogam carries in its Stones and Metals chapters with their doses intact, and several food entries here are offered as the antidote to them. As a matter of modern medicine none of these vegetables chelates a heavy metal: mercury and lead poisoning are treated with specific chelators and by removing the exposure, and arsenic likewise. The historical record is worth keeping; the claim is not one to act on.
三消 — upper, middle and lower dispersion-thirst — is the classical division of what now includes diabetes mellitus. The caution at 1.11 applies.
譯 1.15.2 Source원문
一名地芝. 蔓生結實, 初則青綠色, 經霜則皮上白如塗粉, 故云白冬瓜. 熱者食之佳, 冷者食之瘦人. 《本草》
Translation영역
One name for it is earth-mushroom. It grows as a vine and sets fruit, green at first, and after the frost the skin whitens as though powder had been laid on it — hence the name white winter gourd. Those of a hot constitution do well to eat it; those of a cold one grow thin on it.
Clinical note임상 주석
**This is the book explaining its own headword, and the explanation is accurate botany.** The 白 of 白冬瓜 is the waxy bloom that forms on a mature wax gourd — a true epicuticular wax, which is what the English name records and what lets the fruit keep for months. 經霜 fixes the harvest after the first frost, which is when the bloom is fully developed. Because the gloss identifies this entry with 冬瓜 plainly, it is linked to the table's wax-gourd entry; the headword form 白冬瓜 is not in the alias table and is reported for addition.
一名地芝 is the same alias the taro carries at 1.2 (一名土芝), which is a reminder that these alias-names are loose.
譯 1.15.3 Translation영역
Those with a long illness and those with yin vacuity must not eat it.
Clinical note임상 주석
The book's own contraindication, and the kind worth keeping because it is a restriction on a bland food: a cold, draining, diuretic gourd is held to be wrong for the chronically ill and the yin-vacuous. Zhu Zhenheng is the source, which is consistent — the 丹心 material in this book is where the cautions about depleting therapy cluster.
1.15.1 Wax Gourd Seed 子
譯 1.15.1.1 Source원문
卽冬瓜子也. 性平寒, 味甘, 無毒. 潤肌膚, 好顔色, 剝黑䵟, 可作面脂.
Translation영역
This is the wax gourd seed. Its nature is balanced and cold, its flavour sweet, and it is without toxicity. It moistens the flesh and skin, improves the complexion, strips away dark blotches, and can be made into a face cream.
Clinical note임상 주석
**卽冬瓜子也 is the book naming the drug table's entry outright**, which is why this leaf links to 冬瓜子 even though the transcription heads it with the bare character 子; the compound form 白冬瓜子 is not in the alias table and is reported for addition. The formulary uses the seed in eight places.
黑䵟 is the dark facial blotching that now goes under melasma and solar lentigines, and it recurs at 1.15.2 with the vine-ash wash. Melasma is driven by ultraviolet light, pregnancy and the oral contraceptive pill, and the treatment that works is sun protection first, then hydroquinone, tretinoin and azelaic acid; without the sunscreen nothing holds. A bland seed-oil cream will moisturise and do no harm, which is more than can be said for the lye wash in the next leaf.
譯 1.15.1.2 Source원문
經霜後八月採, 破核取仁, 微炒用之. 《入門》
Translation영역
After the frost, gather it in the eighth month, break the shell, take the kernel, and lightly stir-fry it for use.
1.15.2 Wax Gourd Vine 藤
譯 1.15.2.1 Source원문
燒灰淋汁, 洗黑䵟, 并洗瘡疥. 《本草》
Translation영역
Burn it to ash, percolate water through it, and wash dark blotches with the liquor; it also washes sores and scabies.
Clinical note임상 주석
**燒灰淋汁 is a lye, and a reader should know that before using it.** Water percolated through plant ash is a solution of potassium carbonate — the 잿물 of Korean household practice, the source of potash — and it is strongly alkaline. On skin it is a keratolytic and, at the concentrations a kitchen percolation can reach, a caustic: alkalis saponify skin lipids and go on penetrating after contact, so an alkali burn deepens over hours and does more damage than an acid burn of the same pH. Applying it to the face to lighten blotches is how chemical burns and permanent post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation happen — and in darker skin the pigmentary result of a burn is the opposite of the one intended.
The same preparation appears at 1.22.3 under shepherd's-purse ash and throughout the materia medica. It is worth translating exactly and worth not recommending.
瘡疥, sores and scabies: scabies is a mite infestation with a specific cure — topical permethrin or oral ivermectin, with all household contacts treated at once — and a caustic wash will excoriate the skin without killing the mite.
1.15.3 Wax Gourd Leaf 葉
譯 1.15.3.1 Translation영역
It kills the toxin of a bee sting.
Clinical note임상 주석
A crushed leaf on a sting is harmless and about as effective as anything topical. What matters is the one thing the entry cannot say: a sting that produces urticaria away from the site, lip or tongue swelling, wheeze, vomiting or faintness is anaphylaxis, and it is treated with intramuscular adrenaline into the outer thigh and an ambulance — not with a poultice. Stings in the mouth or throat, and large numbers of stings, are also emergencies in their own right.
1.16 Cucumber 胡瓜
외 오이 oi, cucumber
`외` 는 현대 표준어 **오이** 의 16세기 꼴이다(`외 > 오이`, 단음절이 두 음절로 풀린 꼴). 1.14 甜瓜의 향명이 `ᄎᆞᆷ외`(참외)이므로 이 문 안에서 `외` 가 머리말이고 `ᄎᆞᆷ-` 이 수식부라는 짜임이 바로 확인된다 — 16세기 우리말이 Cucumis 속을 `외` 하나로 묶고 수식부로 가르고 있었다는 자료다. 1.17 `수세외`(수세미오이)도 같은 머리를 쓴다.
譯 1.16.1 Source원문
性寒, 味甘, 無毒. 不可多食, 動寒熱, 多瘧病.
Translation영역
Its nature is cold, its flavour sweet, and it is without toxicity. It must not be eaten in quantity: it stirs cold and heat, and brings on much malarial disease.
Clinical note임상 주석
多瘧病 is the entry's own caution and the aetiology is wrong in an instructive way. Malaria is transmitted by *Anopheles* mosquitoes, which breed in standing water — and a cucumber bed is watered and shaded and holds water. A cooling food eaten in the season when the mosquitoes are out would acquire the association honestly without being the cause. Korea still has *Plasmodium vivax* transmission in the northern border areas, and imported falciparum malaria is a medical emergency: fever in anyone who has been in an endemic area within the last year is a blood-film question the same day.
Neither 胡瓜 nor 黄瓜 is in this site's materia medica and the cucumber appears in no formula in the book, so this entry carries no link. The group caution on bitter cucurbits at 1.13 applies — a bitter cucumber should be discarded.
譯 1.16.2 Source원문
卽今常食瓜子也. 老則色黄, 故謂之黄瓜. 《本草》
Translation영역
This is the melon of everyday eating today. When old it turns yellow, and so it is called the yellow melon.
Clinical note임상 주석
**The book explaining its own headword again, and the explanation settles which cucurbit this is**: 黄瓜, the yellow melon, is the standard Chinese name for the cucumber, *Cucumis sativus*, and the reason given — that it yellows as it over-matures — is exactly right. 胡瓜, the barbarian melon, is the older name and records the plant's arrival from the west; the pair 胡瓜/黄瓜 is said to have shifted because of a Later Zhao taboo on the word 胡, which the Bogam repeats for coriander at 1.38 of this chapter.
1.16.1 Cucumber Leaf 葉
譯 1.16.1.1 Source원문
主小兒閃癖. 挼汁服, 得吐下良. 《本草》
Translation영역
It governs sudden aggregation in small children. Rub out the juice and give it; it is good when it brings about vomiting and purging.
Clinical note임상 주석
得吐下良 — it is good when it makes the child vomit and purge — is a paediatric emetic and purgative, and it is the most hazardous single instruction in my part of the chapter. A small child has little fluid reserve: induced vomiting with diarrhoea produces dehydration and hyponatraemia quickly, aspiration is a real risk in a struggling infant, and the underlying 閃癖, a mass or swelling appearing suddenly in the abdomen, could be intussusception, a volvulus, or a Wilms tumour — all of which are made worse by purging and all of which need imaging now. **This is not a practice to carry forward in any form**, and the translation prints it because the record matters, not because the method does.
1.16.2 Cucumber Root 根
譯 1.16.2.1 Translation영역
Pound it and apply it to the toxic swelling of a fox-thorn.
Clinical note임상 주석
狐刺 is an obscure name and the received commentaries differ: it is read as a festering puncture wound, as a thorn-prick that has gone septic, and as a specific sore on the hand. What all the readings have in common is a penetrating injury that has become inflamed, and the modern management of that is the same whichever is meant — explore for a retained foreign body, because a thorn or splinter left in soft tissue is why such a wound does not settle; consider tetanus cover; and treat spreading cellulitis with an antibiotic. A pounded root over a retained thorn seals in the problem.
1.16.3 Oriental Pickling Melon 越瓜
譯 1.16.3.1 Source원문
性寒, 味甘. 利腸胃, 止煩渴, 不可多食.
Translation영역
Its nature is cold and its flavour sweet. It disinhibits the intestines and stomach and checks vexing thirst; it must not be eaten in quantity.
譯 1.16.3.2 Source원문
生越地, 色正白, 越人食之. 《本草》
Translation영역
It grows in the land of Yue, is pure white in colour, and the people of Yue eat it.
Clinical note임상 주석
越瓜 is the pickling melon, *Cucumis melo* var. *conomon* — the same species as the oriental melon at 1.14 but the non-sweet, white-fleshed form grown for salting, which is the 越瓜 of Chinese and the 시로우리 of Japanese pickling. 色正白 is the distinguishing character and the name records the region it came from. It is not in this site's materia medica and appears in no formula.
1.17 Loofah 絲瓜
`수세외` 는 `수세` + `외`(오이)의 짜임이고, 현대 표준어 **수세미오이** 가 그 뒤 꼴이다. `외 > 오이` 는 1.16 胡瓜의 향명과 같은 꼴이므로 또렷하다. 앞 조각 `수세` 는 지금의 `수세미`(그릇을 닦는 것)와 같은 낱말이고, **이 절의 본문이 그것을 확인해 준다** — `枯者去皮及子, 用瓤滌器`(마른 것은 껍질과 씨를 버리고 속살로 그릇을 씻는다). 곧 향명과 책의 한문이 서로 독립해서 같은 쓰임을 가리키는 자리이고, 이 문에서 그런 맞물림은 드물다.
譯 1.17.1 Source원문
性冷. 解毒, 治一切惡瘡ㆍ小兒痘疹, 并乳疽ㆍ丁瘡ㆍ脚癕.
Translation영역
Its nature is chilled. It resolves toxin and treats malign sores of every kind and pox rash in small children, together with breast abscess, boils and abscess of the leg.
Clinical note임상 주석
小兒痘疹 is smallpox and measles — the two eruptive fevers of childhood that the Bogam devotes a whole chapter to. Smallpox was eradicated in 1980 and measles is vaccine-preventable; measles still kills, mostly through pneumonia and through the encephalitis that follows it, and a child with measles needs vitamin A, supportive care and isolation, not a sore remedy. This is one of the places in the materia medica where the modern note is simply that the disease has been removed from the world by other means.
乳疽, breast abscess, is drained — by needle aspiration or incision — and covered with an antibiotic that takes in *Staphylococcus aureus*; in a non-lactating woman a breast mass that is thought to be an abscess and does not resolve is imaged, because inflammatory breast carcinoma presents this way.
譯 1.17.2 Source원문
霜後取老絲瓜連皮根子全者, 燒存性爲末, 蜜湯調下二三錢, 則腫消毒散, 不致內攻. 《入門》
Translation영역
After the frost take an old loofah entire, with its skin, root and seeds, burn it with its nature preserved and powder it; give two or three don stirred into honey water, and the swelling disperses and the toxin scatters without striking inward.
Clinical note임상 주석
燒存性 — burning with the nature preserved — is charring under restricted air rather than reducing to white ash, and it is a standard and well-defined operation in this materia medica. What it produces is a carbonised plant material; whether it retains anything of the original chemistry is doubtful, and the charcoal itself is inert by the oral route at these doses.
不致內攻, keeping the toxin from striking inward, is the period's account of what we would call systemic spread from a skin infection, and it names a real danger: cellulitis and abscess do become bacteraemic, and in a diabetic or immunosuppressed patient necrotising fasciitis presents as pain out of proportion to the appearance and progresses within hours. 二三錢 of charred gourd will not prevent it; antibiotics and, in necrotising infection, immediate surgical debridement will.
譯 1.17.3 Source원문
一名天蘿, 一名天絡絲. 葉名虞刺葉. 《正傳》
Translation영역
One name for it is heaven's net, another heaven's netted silk. The leaf is called the Yu-thorn leaf.
Clinical note임상 주석
天蘿 and 天絡絲 both describe the thing the dried fruit is famous for — the netted vascular skeleton left when the flesh rots away — and the Korean gloss 수세외 names the same property from its use. Three naming systems, one observation.
譯 1.17.4 Source원문
嫰者煑熟, 薑醋食之. 枯者去皮及子, 用瓤滌器. 《食物》
Translation영역
The tender ones are boiled through and eaten with ginger and vinegar. The withered ones are skinned and seeded, and the pith is used to scour vessels.
Clinical note임상 주석
**用瓤滌器 — the pith used to scour vessels — is the sentence that confirms the Korean gloss independently**, and it is the clearest instance in my part of the chapter of the vernacular name and the Chinese text verifying each other: 수세 is the same element as modern 수세미, a scouring pad. Both records point at the fibrous skeleton of the mature fruit, and the loofah sponge is still exactly that.
嫰者煑熟 is also a safety instruction by accident: young loofah is eaten as a vegetable and the mature one is not edible. The bitter-cucurbit caution at 1.13 applies to the young fruit.
譯 1.17.5 Source원문
自中原得子移種. 形如胡瓜, 極長大. 《俗方》
Translation영역
The seed was got from China and transplanted here. In form it is like the cucumber, but extremely long and large.
Clinical note임상 주석
One of the chapter's Korean notes and the kind that dates an introduction: the loofah had arrived and was being grown, and the writer measures it against the cucumber his readers know. As at the fig in the Fruits chapter, a foreign plant that was already growing here carries no 唐 import mark — and no entry in this chapter carries one.
The link on this section is to 乾絲瓜, dried loofah, which is the form the drug table registers and the form the second passage of this entry prescribes; the alias table already files bare 絲瓜 there. The distinction is worth stating: the fresh gourd is a vegetable and the drug is the frost-dried old fruit.
1.18 Mustard Greens 芥菜
갓 갓 gat, mustard greens
`갓` 은 16세기 표기와 현대 표준어가 **글자째 같은** 자리이고 지금도 Brassica juncea 의 표준 우리말 이름이다(갓김치의 그 갓). 본문이 바로 뒤에 **둘째 우리말 이름 `又云게ᄌᆞ`** 를 들고, 그 `게ᄌᆞ` 에 교감줄 `게 : 계(초간본)` 가 붙는다 — 두 읽기가 다 현대어 `겨자` 로 이어지므로(`계ᄌᆞ > 겨자`) 교감이 낱말을 가려 주지는 않으나, 16세기에 이 식물에 **잎을 가리키는 이름(갓)과 씨를 가리키는 이름(겨자)이 따로 있었다**는 것이 한 줄에 드러난다. 그 둘째 이름은 향명 칸이 아니라 본문에 그대로 실려 있다(§10). 잎 1.18.2 의 향명 `흰계ᄌᆞ` 도 같은 낱말을 쓴다.
譯 1.18.1 Source원문
又云게ᄌᆞ. 性温, 味辛, 無毒. 除腎邪, 利九竅, 明耳目, 止咳嗽上氣, 能温中, 去頭面風.
Translation영역
It is also called 게ᄌᆞ. Its nature is warm, its flavour acrid, and it is without toxicity. It dispels evil from the kidney, disinhibits the nine orifices, brightens the ears and eyes, checks cough with qi ascent, can warm the centre, and dispels wind from the head and face.
譯 1.18.2 Translation영역
The flavour of mustard homes to the nose.
Clinical note임상 주석
Four characters, and they are an accurate piece of sensory observation. The pungency of mustard is not a taste but a trigeminal irritation, and it is volatile: allyl isothiocyanate, released when the seed's glucosinolate meets its own myrosinase, rises into the nasal cavity and stimulates the TRPA1 receptor there. That is why mustard and horseradish burn in the nose and chilli burns on the tongue, and why 歸鼻, homing to the nose, is exactly where the sensation goes.
譯 1.18.3 Source원문
似菘而有毛, 味極辛辣, 大葉者良. 煑食動氣, 猶勝諸菜.
Translation영역
It resembles Chinese cabbage but is hairy; its flavour is extremely acrid and hot, and the large-leaved kind is the good one. Boiled and eaten it stirs the qi, yet it is better than any other vegetable.
譯 1.18.4 Source원문
有黄芥ㆍ紫芥ㆍ白芥. 黄芥ㆍ紫芥作虀食之最美, 白芥入藥. 《本草》
Translation영역
There are yellow, purple and white mustards. The yellow and the purple are best eaten made into pickle, and the white is the one put into medicine.
Clinical note임상 주석
**This passage is the key to the three leaves below and to the chapter's own division of labour**: the two culinary mustards are pickled — 作虀, which is the preparation of 1.11.2 applied to a different vegetable — and 白芥入藥, the white one is the drug. That is why the white mustard gets its own sub-entry at 1.18.2 with its own Korean name and then its own seed at 1.18.2.1, and why the drug table's 白芥子 and 芥子 are two separate items.
The section itself is deliberately left unlinked. What the formulary uses is the seed, not the greens — 芥子 in 21 places and 白芥子 in 19 — and this site's materia medica has no entry for the leaf vegetable; linking the leaf headword to the seed drug would be the error the house rules warn against, where the form the prescriptions use is not the form the headword names.
1.18.1 Brown Mustard Seed 子
譯 1.18.1.1 Source원문
治風毒腫及麻痺, 撲損瘀血, 腰痛, 腎冷, 心痛.
Translation영역
It treats wind-toxin swelling and numbness, static blood from a fall or blow, lumbar pain, cold in the kidney, and heart pain.
Clinical note임상 주석
**The caution that belongs to both mustard seeds in this chapter is a topical one, and it is a real injury that still happens.** Mustard seed makes sinigrin, a glucosinolate which its own myrosinase converts on wetting to allyl isothiocyanate — the vesicant that gives the mustard plaster its action. Applied to the skin it causes vasodilation and a burning warmth, and that is the intended effect in 風毒腫及麻痺 and 撲損瘀血 here. Left on too long it causes a chemical burn: erythema, then blistering, then full-thickness skin loss. The mustard-plaster burn is a classical injury of Western and Eastern practice alike, described in surgical texts for a century and still reported, and the people most often hurt are those who cannot feel it — an elderly patient, a diabetic with neuropathy, a sedated or unconscious one, and a child. The irony of the indication is exact: a plaster put on numb skin for the numbness is the one that burns through.
If a mustard application is used at all, the limits are: no more than about fifteen to twenty minutes, never on broken skin, never under an occlusive dressing, never on someone who cannot report pain, and the skin inspected during and not only after. Allyl isothiocyanate vapour is also a potent eye and airway irritant at close range.
譯 1.18.1.2 Source원문
熬硏作醬, 能通利五蔵. 《本草》
Translation영역
Parched, ground and made into a paste, it can free and disinhibit the five viscera.
Clinical note임상 주석
熬硏作醬 is table mustard: parch the seed, grind it, wet it to a paste. The wetting is the step that matters, because the enzyme and the substrate are in different cells until then and the pungency develops over several minutes afterwards — which is also why mustard made with boiling water is mild and mustard made cold is fierce.
1.18.2 White Mustard 白芥
`흰계ᄌᆞ` 는 `흰`(白) + `계ᄌᆞ`(겨자)의 짜임이고 **흰 겨자** 로 또렷하게 이어진다 (`계ᄌᆞ > 겨자`). 같은 낱말이 어미 절 1.18의 본문에 `又云게ᄌᆞ` 로 나오고 거기에는 교감줄 `게 : 계(초간본)` 가 붙어 있으므로, 이 잎의 `계` 꼴이 **初刊本 쪽 읽기와 같다** — 전사자가 한 잎 안에서 `게` 로, 다음 잎에서 `계` 로 적은 것이다. 그러니 교감줄이 가리키는 흔들림이 이 전사본 자신의 두 자리에서 눈에 보인다. 이 문에서 잎에 향명이 붙은 자리는 이것과 1.14.1 `ᄎᆞᆷ외고고리` 둘뿐이다.
譯 1.18.2.1 Source원문
性温, 味辛, 無毒. 主冷氣, 能安五蔵.
Translation영역
Its nature is warm, its flavour acrid, and it is without toxicity. It governs cold qi and can quiet the five viscera.
Clinical note임상 주석
This leaf is the plant and 1.18.2.1 is its seed, which is the drug; the leaf itself is left unlinked for the reason given at 1.18, since the drug table's 白芥子 is the seed and no entry exists for the white-mustard plant. White mustard is *Sinapis alba*, a different genus from the brown mustard of 1.18, and the chemistry differs with it: *Sinapis alba* carries sinalbin rather than sinigrin, and the isothiocyanate it releases is less volatile, which is why white mustard is mild in the nose and sharp on the tongue where brown mustard is the reverse.
譯 1.18.2.2 Source원문
從西戎來. 如芥而葉白, 爲茹食之甚辛美. 《本草》
Translation영역
It came from the Western Rong. It is like mustard but with white leaves, and eaten as greens it is very sharp and good.
1.18.2.1 White Mustard Seed 子
譯 1.18.2.1.1 Source원문
主上氣發汗, 胷膈痰冷, 面黄.
Translation영역
It governs qi ascent, promotes sweating, and treats phlegm and cold in the chest and diaphragm, and a yellow face.
Clinical note임상 주석
**This is the busier of the two mustard seeds in the formulary — 18 ingredient entries — and it is still a standard drug**, 白芥子, for phlegm in the chest and for cold wheeze. The topical caution set out at 1.18.1 applies to it in full and with more force, because white mustard seed is the one classically used for plasters and for the 白芥子 paste applied over acupuncture points in the hottest days of summer (三伏貼). That practice produces blisters often enough that practitioners count a blister as part of the method; **a deliberate blister is still a chemical burn and it can scar, become infected, and in a diabetic or neuropathic patient ulcerate.** Reported cases include full-thickness burns needing grafting.
上氣, qi ascent, with wheeze is asthma or heart failure, and both have treatments that work. A patient with worsening breathlessness who is applying a mustard paste instead of using an inhaler is the situation this note exists to prevent.
譯 1.18.2.1.2 Source원문
子麄大白色, 如白梁米, 入藥最佳. 痰在皮裏膜外, 非此不能達. 微炒硏碎用. 《入門》
Translation영역
The seed is coarse and large and white, like white millet; it is the best for medicinal use. Where phlegm lies inside the skin and outside the membranes, nothing but this can reach it. Lightly stir-fry it and grind it fine for use.
Clinical note임상 주석
痰在皮裏膜外, 非此不能達 — phlegm between the skin and the membranes, which nothing else can reach — is the sentence that fixed this drug's place in the tradition, and it is the reason it stands in 三子養親湯 and the other phlegm formulas. 皮裏膜外 is an anatomical space the modern body does not have, but what the phrase is used to describe is recognisable: the loose tissue planes where the tradition locates lipomas, nodules and the deep-seated phlegm patterns.
微炒硏碎 matters chemically. Light parching partly inactivates the myrosinase and so blunts the isothiocyanate release — which is to say the processing reduces the irritancy, and a raw ground seed is the harsher preparation. 如白梁米 is a size and colour key of the same practical kind as the three-seed comparison at 1.10.1.
1.19 Lettuce 萵苣
부루 부루 buru, lettuce
`부루` 는 16세기 표기 그대로 지금도 쓰이는 낱말이다 — 표준국어대사전이 `부루` 를 `상추` 의 방언(강원ㆍ경기ㆍ함경 들)으로 올려 두었고, 북쪽 표준어에서는 `부루` 가 상추의 표준 이름이다. 그래서 `hyangmyeong_mod` 를 비우지 않고 같은 글자를 적었다. 지금 남쪽 표준어는 `상추`(< 생채 生菜)이고, 그것은 한자어에서 온 다른 이름이므로 `부루` 를 `상추` 로 바꿔 적지 않았다 — 소리가 이어진 낱말이 따로 살아 있는 자리에서 표준어로 갈아 치우면 16세기 낱말이 사라진다.
譯 1.19.1 Source원문
性冷一云寒, 味苦, 微毒. 主補筋骨, 利五蔵, 開胷膈壅氣, 通經脉, 令人齒白聦明少睡, 療蛇咬.
Translation영역
Its nature is chilled one says cold, its flavour bitter, and it is slightly toxic. It governs supplementing sinew and bone, disinhibits the five viscera, opens congested qi in the chest and diaphragm, frees the channels and vessels, whitens the teeth and makes a person sharp-witted and in need of little sleep, and treats snakebite.
Clinical note임상 주석
**少睡 — needing little sleep — is the claim to stop at, because the modern association runs the other way and it is worth knowing why.** Lettuce exudes a bitter white latex when cut, and the dried latex is lactucarium, 'lettuce opium', which was an official sedative in European and American pharmacopoeias through the nineteenth century; the lactucin and lactucopicrin in it have shown sedative and analgesic activity in rodent studies. So the European tradition made lettuce a soporific and the Bogam makes it the opposite, 少睡, and the two cannot both be read as observation. The honest reading is that neither is: cultivated lettuce contains very little lactucarium, the human evidence for any hypnotic effect is negligible, and the 'lettuce water' promoted for sleep online has nothing behind it. 微毒, slightly toxic, is probably the latex being noticed, and that is the most defensible word in the passage.
療蛇咬 needs saying plainly. Snakebite is managed by immobilising the limb, getting the patient to hospital without delay, and giving antivenom where it is indicated; no poultice or decoction neutralises venom, and in Korea the *Gloydius* pit vipers cause local necrosis and coagulopathy that can be severe. **Nothing in this entry should delay transport.**
Lettuce is not in this site's materia medica and 萵苣 appears in no formula in the book, so this entry carries no link.
譯 1.19.2 Source원문
今人菜中常食者. 患冷人食則腹冷, 然不至苦損人. 《入門》
Translation영역
It is what people commonly eat among vegetables today. Those who suffer from cold get a cold belly from eating it, but it does not go so far as to do real harm.
Clinical note임상 주석
然不至苦損人 — it does not go so far as to do real harm — is the kind of qualified caution the chapter is good at, and it is the correct verdict on a salad leaf. Set beside 微毒 in the previous passage it shows the compiler weighing a nominal toxicity against ordinary experience and coming down on experience.
1.19.1 White Lettuce 白苣
譯 1.19.1.1 Source원문
性味功用同萵苣, 其形亦相似而有白毛. 《本草》
Translation영역
Its nature, flavour, action and use are the same as lettuce; its form too is similar, but it has white hairs.
Clinical note임상 주석
An entry whose whole content is 'the same as the one above, but hairy', which is how this materia medica handles a cultivar it does not want to lose. 白苣 is a hairy-leaved lettuce form; the character 苣 covers the whole *Lactuca* group, and the three entries 1.19, 1.19.1 and 1.20 are three members of it sorted by leaf and by bitterness.
1.20 Wild Endive 苦苣
싀화 siwha
**`hyangmyeong_mod` 를 비웠다.** `싀화` 의 소리는 `싀 > 시`(ㅅ 뒤 ᅴ>ㅣ, `싀다 > 시다` 와 같은 꼴)로 **시화** 가 되는데, 현대 한국어에 `시화` 라는 식물 이름이 없다. 지금 苦苣에 해당하는 우리말 이름은 `씀바귀`ㆍ`왕고들빼기` 쪽이고 그 어느 것도 `싀화` 에서 소리로 이어지지 않는다. 그러므로 소리만 옮긴 `시화` 를 현대어 칸에 적으면 **없는 낱말을 있는 것처럼** 남기게 되어 비웠고, 소리로 이어지는 꼴이 `시화` 라는 것만 여기 적어 둔다. `hyangmyeong_en` 에는 음만 적었다 — 뜻을 모르니 뜻풀이를 적을 수 없다.
譯 1.20.1 Source원문
性寒, 味苦. 輕身少睡, 調十二經脉, 利五蔵, 療黄疸.
Translation영역
Its nature is cold and its flavour bitter. It lightens the body and lessens sleep, regulates the twelve channels and vessels, disinhibits the five viscera, and treats jaundice.
Clinical note임상 주석
This entry has no 無毒 and no 有毒 — the 性味 stops at nature and flavour — which is the chapter's ordinary pattern and nothing should be supplied for it.
少睡 again, the third of the *Lactuca*-group entries to say it (1.19, this, and 1.21), so the claim belongs to the whole bitter-lettuce class rather than to any one plant. The lactucarium note at 1.19 applies. 療黄疸 carries the caution recorded at 1.9.
譯 1.20.2 Source원문
苦苣卽野苣也, 一名褊苣. 雖冷甚益人, 可久食之. 《本草》
Translation영역
The bitter endive is the wild endive, also called the flat endive. Though chilled it greatly benefits a person and may be eaten over a long time.
Clinical note임상 주석
**The book explaining its own headword again — 卽野苣也, it is the wild one.** The three names 苦苣, 野苣 and 褊苣 all attach to the uncultivated bitter members of the chicory-and-sow-thistle group, and the entry is placed directly after the two cultivated lettuces to make the contrast. Neither the plant nor any of its names is in this site's materia medica and none appears in any formula, so the entry stands as a 本草 record.
雖冷甚益人, 可久食之 is the opposite verdict to the one the chapter gives bamboo shoot at 1.12 on the same ground — both are cold and both are common foods — and the difference is not explained. Printing both without resolving them is the right treatment.
1.20.1 Wild Endive Root 根
譯 1.20.1.1 Translation영역
It governs red and white dysentery, and steaming of the bones.
Clinical note임상 주석
骨蒸, steaming of the bones, is the classical picture of the hectic afternoon fever and night sweats of consumption, and in the Bogam it is one of the standard names for what tuberculosis does. It needs saying in each place it appears: tuberculosis is curable with a six-month multi-drug regimen, it is diagnosed on sputum testing and imaging, and untreated pulmonary tuberculosis kills about half of those who have it. A bitter root is not a treatment, and partial treatment is how drug resistance is made.
A root of the chicory group is also one of the better-tolerated bitters — chicory root is inulin-rich, which is why it is used as a coffee substitute, and the only thing it reliably does at food doses is ferment in the colon.
1.21 Bitter Lettuce 苦菜
**`hyangmyeong_mod` 를 비웠다.** `고ᄌᆞᆺ바기` 의 소리는 아래아가 `ㅏ` 로 가는 보통 꼴로 **고잣바기** 가 되는데, 현대 한국어에 그런 낱말이 없다. 뒤 조각 `-바기` 는 `고들빼기`ㆍ`곱빼기` 의 `-빼기` 로 이어지는 접미사가 분명하고 앞 조각 `고-` 는 `苦` 이거나 `고들빼기` 의 `고-` 와 같은 것으로 보이지만, 가운데 `ᄌᆞᆺ` 이 현대 `들` 로 가는 길이 **소리로는 없다.** 곧 지금 苦菜를 가리키는 이름 `씀바귀`ㆍ `고들빼기` 가운데 어느 것도 이 낱말에서 소리로 이어지지 않는다. 그래서 짐작으로 `고들빼기` 를 적지 않고 비웠다 — 그 짐작을 적으면 틀린 것이 맞는 것처럼 남는다. 이 전사본에는 이 향명에 교감줄이 붙어 있지 않아 다른 읽기를 얻을 길도 없다.
譯 1.21.1 Source원문
性寒, 味苦, 無毒一云小毒. 主五蔵邪氣, 去中熱, 安心神, 少睡卧, 療惡瘡.
Translation영역
Its nature is cold, its flavour bitter, and it is without toxicity one says slightly toxic. It governs evil qi in the five viscera, dispels heat from the centre, quiets the heart spirit, lessens sleep, and treats malign sores.
Clinical note임상 주석
安心神 and 少睡卧 in the same breath — it quiets the heart spirit and lessens sleep — which read as opposites until one notices that the chapter attaches 少睡 to the whole bitter-lettuce group (1.19, 1.20 and here) as a property of the class. The lactucarium note at 1.19 applies: the European tradition made this group soporific and the Bogam makes it the reverse, and neither claim has human evidence behind it.
This is the one entry of the *Lactuca*/*Ixeris* group in my part of the chapter that is in this site's materia medica, as 苦菜, Ixeridis Herba — the 씀바귀 of Korean cooking, eaten as a spring bitter. It appears in no formula, so the table entry carries the record rather than a use.
譯 1.21.2 Source원문
生田野中, 凌冬不死, 一名逰冬. 葉似苦苣而細, 斷之有白汁, 花黄似菊. 三月三日採, 隂乾. 《本草》
Translation영역
It grows in the fields, does not die through the winter, and is also called the winter-wanderer. Its leaf is like the bitter endive's but finer; broken, it gives a white juice; its flower is yellow, like a chrysanthemum's. It is gathered on the third day of the third month and dried in the shade.
Clinical note임상 주석
**斷之有白汁 — broken, it gives a white juice — is the observation that ties this entry to 1.19 and 1.20, and it is the latex discussed there.** The whole description is sound field botany: a rosette overwintering green in the fields, finely divided leaves, milky sap, and a yellow composite flower — *Ixeris* and *Youngia*, the 씀바귀 and 고들빼기 of Korean spring greens. 一名逰冬, the winter-wanderer, records the overwintering habit that 凌冬不死 states outright.
譯 1.21.3 Translation영역
The white juice from the stem, dabbed on a wart, makes it drop off of itself.
Clinical note임상 주석
**This is the chapter's most testable small claim and it has a real modern counterpart.** Dabbing the milky latex of a weed onto a wart is the same practice as the European use of greater celandine and of the spurges (*Euphorbia*), and warts are caused by human papillomavirus and do in a majority of cases clear by themselves within a year or two — which makes every wart remedy look effective. The treatments with evidence are salicylic acid applied daily over weeks, and cryotherapy.
The warning that goes with the practice is not about the wart but about the latex: *Euphorbia* sap, which is the one most often used this way, is a severe eye irritant and has caused keratitis and lasting visual loss when rubbed into the eye. The *Ixeris* latex of this entry is far milder, but the habit of squeezing a weed stem and touching the face is the hazard. And a lesion taken for a wart that bleeds, grows, or will not clear — particularly on the face of an older person or on the sole — needs looking at, because amelanotic melanoma and squamous carcinoma are both mistaken for warts.
1.22 Shepherd's Purse 薺菜
나ᅌᅵ 냉이 naengi, shepherd's purse
`나ᅌᅵ` 의 가운데 글자는 **옛이응(ᅌ, U+114C)** 이고 소리값은 ㅇ[ŋ] 이다. 그러므로 `나ᅌᅵ` 는 `나ᇰ이` 곧 **냉이** 로 또렷하게 이어진다(`나ᅌᅵ > 냉이`). 지금도 Capsella bursa-pastoris 의 표준 우리말 이름이 `냉이` 다.
**이 자리에 교감줄이 붙는다** — 030b 발의 둘째 줄 `ᅌᅵ : 이(초간본)` 다. 곧 규장각 전사본은 옛이응을 살려 `나ᅌᅵ` 로 적고 初刊本은 `나이` 로 적었다는 뜻이다. 두 읽기가 다 현대 `냉이` 로 이어지므로 이 줄이 낱말을 가려 주지는 않는다. 그러나 **국어사 쪽에서는 이것이 이 문에서 가장 값있는 한 줄이다**: 옛이응이 16세기 말에 표기에서 흔들리고 있었음을 한 낱말의 두 판본이 직접 보여 주는 자리이고, 湯液篇의 향명 교감줄 가운데 옛이응이 든 것은 몇 되지 않는다. 줄의 걸릴 자리는 확실하다 — 이 잎에서 `ᅌᅵ` 는 이 향명 한 곳에만 나온다.
譯 1.22.1 Source원문
性温, 味甘, 無毒. 利肝氣, 和中, 利五蔵.
Translation영역
Its nature is warm, its flavour sweet, and it is without toxicity. It disinhibits the liver qi, harmonises the centre, and disinhibits the five viscera.
Clinical note임상 주석
**The caution this plant needs is pregnancy, and it is not in the book.** Shepherd's purse has a long and consistent reputation as a uterine stimulant and a haemostatic for uterine bleeding — it was used for postpartum haemorrhage in European practice and is still sold for heavy menstrual bleeding — and every modern herbal source contraindicates it in pregnancy on that basis. The pharmacology is poorly characterised: aqueous extracts have shown oxytocic activity on isolated uterus, and the plant also contains appreciable vitamin K, which is the likelier basis of any haemostatic effect. Neither is established in people. **The contraindication stands on the uterine reputation and on the absence of any safety data, which is sufficient reason not to give it in pregnancy.**
The vitamin K content has a second consequence worth stating: a patient on warfarin who begins eating shepherd's purse in quantity, as a spring green, can lower their INR. The same applies to every leafy green and is managed by consistency rather than avoidance.
The root and leaf of this plant are not in the drug table; the seed at 1.22.1 is, under 薺子.
譯 1.22.2 Source원문
生田野中, 凌冬不死. 煑粥喫, 能引血歸肝, 明目. 《本草》
Translation영역
It grows in the fields and does not die through the winter. Boiled into a gruel and eaten, it can lead the blood back to the liver and brighten the eyes.
Clinical note임상 주석
煑粥喫 — boiled into a gruel — is the form in which Koreans still eat this plant, and 냉이국 is one of the first foods of the spring. The entry is describing a seasonal food and attaching a liver-and-eye indication to it, which is the chapter's usual pattern for a wild green.
譯 1.22.3 Source원문
八月隂中含陽, 陽氣發生, 乃於中秋而薺麥復生也. 《叅同契註》
Translation영역
In the eighth month yang is held within yin; the yang qi springs up, and so at mid-autumn the shepherd's purse and the wheat come to life again.
Clinical note임상 주석
**This is the only citation in my part of the chapter that is not a medical source**, and 叅同契註 — a commentary on the Zhouyi cantong qi, the second-century alchemical classic — occurs exactly once in the whole of this transcription, here. It is worth noticing what it is doing: the passage is not a drug statement at all but a piece of cosmology used to explain an observed fact of phenology, that shepherd's purse and winter wheat germinate in autumn when everything else is dying back. The explanation is in terms of yang qi hidden within the yin of the dying year; the fact is correct, and both of these plants are indeed autumn-germinating winter annuals.
The transcription writes 叅 for 參; the form is printed as given and read as 參.
1.22.1 Shepherd's Purse Seed 子
譯 1.22.1.1 Source원문
薺菜子, 一名菥蓂子. 補五蔵不足, 去風毒邪氣, 療青盲目痛不見物, 明目, 去障瞖, 解熱毒. 久食視物鮮明. 四月八日採. 《本草》
Translation영역
Shepherd's purse seed, also called seongmyeongja. It supplements insufficiency of the five viscera, dispels wind-toxin evil qi, treats green blindness with eye pain and inability to see, brightens the eyes, removes screens and obstructions, and resolves heat toxin. Eaten over a long time it makes things seen sharp and clear. It is gathered on the eighth day of the fourth month.
Clinical note임상 주석
**一名菥蓂子 is the book giving the name under which this site's drug table actually holds the seed** — the table's entry is 薺子, Thlaspi Semen, with 菥蓂子 as its alias — so the identification runs through the book's own gloss rather than through a guess. The seed appears in one formula.
菥蓂 and 薺 are not in fact the same plant to a botanist: 菥蓂子 is the seed of *Thlaspi arvense*, field pennycress, and 薺菜 is *Capsella bursa-pastoris*, shepherd's purse — two crucifers with similar flat seed-pods that the materia medica has treated as one for a long time, and the drug table's Latin name follows the pennycress identification while the Korean gloss and the section both point at shepherd's purse. The two have the same uses in practice. I record the discrepancy rather than resolving it.
The eye indications are the same ones that run through 1.7 and 1.8.1, and so is the answer: cataract is surgical, glaucoma needs pressure-lowering treatment, optic atrophy does not recover, and 青盲目痛不見物 — blindness with a painful eye — is specifically the picture of acute angle-closure glaucoma, which is an emergency measured in hours. **Red eye with pain, blurred vision, haloes and vomiting is a same-day referral, and sight is lost while a decoction is prepared.**
1.22.2 Shepherd's Purse Root 根
譯 1.22.2.1 Translation영역
It treats aching of the eyes.
1.22.3 Shepherd's Purse Stalk and Leaf 莖葉
譯 1.22.3.1 Translation영역
Burn it to ash; it treats red and white dysentery, and is extremely effective.
Clinical note임상 주석
燒灰 here is dry ash taken internally rather than the lye of 1.15.2, and plant ash by mouth is largely potassium carbonate and mineral residue — an alkali, and in quantity an irritant. 極效 on bloody dysentery is a claim that should not be followed: 赤白痢 is dysentery with blood and mucus, which wants a stool culture and rehydration, and in a child the question of Shiga-toxin-producing *E. coli* and haemolytic uraemic syndrome has to be asked before any antibiotic is given. See 1.7.2.
1.23 Adenophora Root 沙叅
`더덕` 은 16세기 표기와 현대 표준어가 **글자째 같은** 자리이고, 이 문에서 그런 것은 1.2 `토란`ㆍ1.8 `쇠비름`ㆍ1.18 `갓` 과 함께 넷이다.
**그런데 이 이름이 가리키는 식물과 약재표의 식물이 다르다.** 지금 표준 한국어에서 `더덕` 은 **Codonopsis lanceolata**(만삼붙이, 초롱꽃과)이고, 약재표의 `sasam 沙參` 은 **Adenophorae Radix**, 곧 잔대(Adenophora triphylla)의 뿌리다. 둘은 같은 초롱꽃과이되 속이 다른 식물이고, 한국 시장에서도 더덕과 잔대는 따로 팔린다. 16세기 향명이 沙參에 `더덕` 을 붙여 둔 것은 그 자체가 자료이므로 그대로 싣고, 현대 분류와 어긋난다는 것을 여기에 적어 둔다. **바로 다음 절 1.24 薺苨의 향명이 `계로기`(모싯대, Adenophora remotiflora)이므로, 이 두 절이 모두 Adenophora / Codonopsis 쪽에 걸려 서로 가장 헷갈리는 자리다** — 영문 이름을 섞지 말 것.
譯 1.23.1 Source원문
性微寒, 味苦, 無毒. 補中, 益肺氣, 治疝氣下墜, 排膿, 消腫毒, 宣五蔵風氣.
Translation영역
Its nature is slightly cold, its flavour bitter, and it is without toxicity. It supplements the centre, benefits the lung qi, treats mounting qi with downward sagging, expels pus, disperses swelling toxin, and diffuses wind qi from the five viscera.
Clinical note임상 주석
**The identification question is the whole of this entry and it is not settled by the characters.** 沙參 is one of the four 參 drugs of the classical set (人參, 玄參, 丹參, 苦參, 沙參) and in modern Chinese pharmacy the name splits in two: 南沙參 is *Adenophora* root and 北沙參 is *Glehnia littoralis*, an umbellifer, and they are different drugs with different actions. In Korea 사삼 is *Adenophora*, which is the identification this site's table follows. But the sixteenth-century Korean gloss on this entry is 더덕, which in modern Korean is *Codonopsis lanceolata* — a third plant again. All three are bellflower-family or umbellifer roots used as moistening lung tonics, which is why the confusion has survived so long without anyone being much harmed by it.
What follows for a reader is practical: a prescription calling for 沙參 may be filled in Korea with 잔대, in a Chinese pharmacy with either *Adenophora* or *Glehnia*, and in a Korean market with 더덕 if the vernacular name is followed. The actions claimed are mild in every case. It is worth knowing the ambiguity exists rather than assuming the character fixes the plant.
治疝氣下墜 — mounting qi with downward sagging — is in practice an inguinal hernia or a varicocele. A hernia is repaired surgically, and one that becomes tender, irreducible and accompanied by vomiting is strangulated and is an emergency.
譯 1.23.2 Source원문
處處皆有, 生山中. 葉似枸杞, 根白實者佳. 採苗及根作菜茹食之良. 《本草》
Translation영역
It is found everywhere, growing in the mountains. Its leaf is like the wolfberry's, and the ones with a white solid root are good. The shoots and the root are gathered and eaten as greens, which is good.
Clinical note임상 주석
採苗及根作菜茹食之良 is the entry that makes sense of the Korean gloss: this is a mountain root dug and eaten as a vegetable, which is exactly what 더덕 is in Korea — pounded flat, dressed with gochujang and grilled. The drug and the food are the same digging.
譯 1.23.3 Source원문
二月八月採根, 曝乾. 《本草》
Translation영역
In the second and eighth months the root is gathered and dried in the sun.
1.24 Lax-flowered Adenophora 薺苨
`계로기` 는 `계 > 게`(ㅕ>ㅔ)의 보통 꼴로 **게로기** 가 되고, `게로기` 는 지금도 이 식물의 우리말 이름으로 쓰인다 — 표준 이름은 **모싯대**(Adenophora remotiflora) 이고 `게로기` 는 그 딴이름으로 올라 있다. 그래서 `hyangmyeong_mod` 에는 소리가 이어진 `게로기` 를 적고 표준 이름 `모싯대` 를 여기에 적어 둔다.
**바로 앞 절 1.23 沙叅의 향명이 `더덕` 이다. 이 둘을 섞으면 안 된다** — 더덕은 Codonopsis lanceolata, 모싯대는 Adenophora remotiflora 로 **속이 다른 식물**이고, 약재표의 영문 이름도 沙參은 'Adenophora', 薺苨는 'Lax-flowered Adenophora' 로 갈려 있다. 책 자신이 이 절 첫머리에서 `似人參而葉少異, 根似桔梗` 라 하여 이 뿌리를 人參과 桔梗 사이에 놓으므로, 세 뿌리의 닮음이 16세기에도 문제였음을 알 수 있다.
譯 1.24.1 Source원문
性寒, 味甘, 無毒. 解百藥毒, 殺蠱毒, 治蛇蟲咬, 罯毒箭傷.
Translation영역
Its nature is cold, its flavour sweet, and it is without toxicity. It resolves the toxin of the hundred drugs, kills gu toxin, treats bites of snakes and insects, and is packed on wounds from poisoned arrows.
Clinical note임상 주석
**解百藥毒 — it resolves the toxin of the hundred drugs — is the strongest antidotal claim in my part of the chapter and the one most likely to be acted on, so it needs answering plainly.** There is no general antidote to poisoning and there never has been. Modern toxicology has a short list of specific antidotes — naloxone for opioids, N-acetylcysteine for paracetamol, atropine and pralidoxime for organophosphates, digoxin-specific antibody fragments, fomepizole for ethylene glycol, hydroxocobalamin for cyanide — and for everything else the management is supportive care, decontamination where it is still useful, and poison-centre advice. A root that is sweet and bland is not doing any of this. **Where a poisoning is suspected the thing to do is to call a poisons centre and get the patient to hospital, and the universal-antidote claim is exactly the belief that delays that.**
治蛇蟲咬 carries the snakebite note at 1.19: immobilise, transport, antivenom where indicated, and no poultice substitutes.
罯毒箭傷, packing a poisoned-arrow wound, is the one indication here that belongs wholly to the past. It is worth keeping as a record of what the materia medica was for.
譯 1.24.2 Source원문
似人參而葉少異, 根似桔梗, 但無心爲異. 二月八月採根, 曝乾.
Translation영역
It resembles ginseng but its leaf differs a little; its root is like platycodon's, except that it has no core, and that is how it differs.
Clinical note임상 주석
**This is the book giving a working identification key for three roots that are confused in the market, and the key is a good one.** 但無心爲異 — it has no core — points at the central woody strand that platycodon root has and this one does not, and that is still the way to tell 薺苨 from 桔梗 in a dried sample; 似人參而葉少異 sets it against ginseng by the leaf. The entry sits immediately before 桔梗 at 1.25, which is the comparison being made, and immediately after 沙叅 at 1.23, which is the other root of the same group — so the chapter has arranged three bellflower-family roots in sequence and told the reader how to sort them.
The plant is *Adenophora remotiflora*, 모싯대, which the drug table carries as Adenophorae Remotiflorae Radix. **It is not 더덕, the Korean gloss of 1.23**, and the two should not be run together.
譯 1.24.3 Source원문
處處有之, 生山中. 今人採收以爲果菜, 取苗煑食, 採根作脯, 味甚美. 《本草》
Translation영역
It is found everywhere, growing in the mountains. People today gather it and store it as a fruit-vegetable: the shoots are boiled and eaten, and the root is made into a dried relish, which is very good in flavour.
Clinical note임상 주석
採根作脯 — the root made into a dried relish — is the same treatment 더덕 gets in Korea today, and together with 1.23 it shows that the two roots were being dug, dried and eaten as foods as much as prescribed as drugs. 味甚美 in a materia medica entry is a food note, and the chapter is full of them; it is one of the things that makes the Vegetables chapter read differently from the Stones or the Metals.
1.25 Platycodon Root 桔梗
`도랏` 은 `도라지` 의 16세기 꼴이다. 끝의 `ㅅ` 이 `-지` 로 바뀐 것인데 (`도랏 → 도라지`), 이 꼴은 지금 말로 끊김 없이 이어지므로 `hyangmyeong_mod` 를 채웠다. 이 절은 향명이 약재 고리를 되묻지 않아도 되는 자리다 — 표제어 `桔梗` 이 `herbs.yaml` 에 한자 그대로 있다. 다만 본문의 `今人作菜茹四時長食之物也≪俗方≫`(지금 사람은 나물로 만들어 네 철 늘 먹는다)가 이 이름이 약 이름이기 전에 **먹는 나물 이름**이었음을 못박아 둔다 — 桔梗이 菜部에 든 까닭이다.
譯 1.25.1 Source원문
性微温一云平, 味辛苦, 有小毒. 治肺氣喘促, 下一切氣, 療咽喉痛及胷脇諸痛, 下蠱毒.
Translation영역
Its nature is slightly warm one says balanced, its flavour acrid and bitter, and it has slight toxicity. It treats hurried panting of lung qi, brings down qi of every kind, treats sore throat and pain of all sorts in the chest and rib-sides, and brings down gu toxin.
Clinical note임상 주석
**有小毒 is the book being right, and it is the one line of this section a modern dispenser should keep in view.** Platycodon root is loaded with triterpenoid saponins — platycodins — and saponins are haemolytic and are gastric irritants. In ordinary decoction doses (the Korean pharmacopoeia works at about 3–9 g) this does not matter; in large doses, and particularly in a powder swallowed dry rather than a decoction, the saponins cause nausea, vomiting and, at the extreme, haemolysis. Case reports of poisoning come from people eating large quantities of the raw root. The emetic action is the same pharmacology as the expectorant action, which is why the book files 有小毒 and 治肺氣喘促 in one breath: platycodin irritates the gastric mucosa and the vagal reflex increases bronchial secretion. That is a real mechanism and it is dose-limited at both ends.
下蠱毒, bringing down gu toxin, is not a modern indication; 蠱 covers a range of ill-defined poisoning and bewitchment syndromes and nothing here identifies a treatable disease.
The drug is in constant modern use — 258 formulas in this site's formulary carry it, more than any other item in this chapter — overwhelmingly as the chest-and-throat opener that the next-but-one passage describes.
譯 1.25.2 Source원문
處處有之, 生山中. 二月八月採根曝乾. 《本草》
Translation영역
It is found everywhere, growing in the mountains. In the second and eighth months the root is gathered and dried in the sun.
譯 1.25.3 Source원문
桔梗能載諸藥, 使不下沉, 升提氣血, 爲舟楫之劑, 手太隂引經藥也. 《丹心》
Translation영역
Platycodon is able to carry the other drugs and keep them from sinking downward; it raises and lifts qi and blood, and is the boat-and-oar agent, the channel-conducting drug of the hand greater yin.
Clinical note임상 주석
舟楫之劑, the boat-and-oar agent, is the single most quoted line about this drug and it is a statement about formula architecture rather than about pharmacology: platycodon is added to hold a prescription's action in the upper body. That is why it appears in so many formulas in such small amounts. Nothing in modern pharmacology corresponds to it, and nothing needs to — it is a compositional rule and it should be read as one.
譯 1.25.4 Source원문
今人作菜茹, 四時長食之物也. 《俗方》
Translation영역
People nowadays make it into a vegetable dish; it is a thing eaten all year round.
Clinical note임상 주석
One of the chapter's Korean notices, and the reason this medicinal root sits among the vegetables. Doraji is still eaten as a 나물 in Korea, blanched and seasoned, and the blanching is not only culinary: it leaches the saponins that make the raw root bitter and emetic. The traditional preparation — scraping, salting, rinsing and parboiling — is the same operation that makes the root safe to eat in quantity, so the food use and the 有小毒 of the first passage are consistent rather than contradictory.
1.26 Scallion White 葱白
`파흰믿` 은 `파` + `흰` + `믿` 의 짜임이고 뜻풀이꼴 향명이다 (`믿 → 밑`, 종성 ㄷ/ㅌ 혼기는 이 시기에 흔하다). **이 향명이 이 절이 무엇인지를 정한다** — 표제어가 `葱`(파)이 아니라 `葱白`(파의 흰 밑동)이고, 향명이 바로 그 부위를 가리키므로 `herbs.yaml` 의 `chongbaek 蔥白` 에 이었다 (별칭표가 `葱白` 을 `蔥/葱 이체자` 로 이미 적어 두었다). 아래 잎 다섯은 이 흰 밑동이 아닌 다른 부위이고, 처방이 쓰는 것은 거의 다 이 표제어 쪽이다 — 이 집안 처방표에 `葱白` 이 145 자리, `葱根` 이 5 자리, 나머지 네 꼴(`葱實`ㆍ`葱子`ㆍ`葱葉`ㆍ`葱花`)은 **한 자리도 없다.**
譯 1.26.1 Source원문
性凉一云平, 味辛, 無毒. 主傷寒寒熱, 中風面目腫, 療喉痺, 安胎, 明目, 除肝邪, 利五蔵, 殺百藥毒, 通大小便, 治奔豚脚氣.
Translation영역
Its nature is cool one says balanced, its flavour acrid, and it is without toxicity. It governs cold damage with chills and fever and wind strike with swelling of the face and eyes, treats throat closure, quiets the foetus, brightens the eyes, dispels evil in the liver, benefits the five viscera, kills the toxins of all drugs, frees the stools and urine, and treats running-piglet and leg qi.
Clinical note임상 주석
Scallion white is a food that the tradition uses as a diaphoretic, and the indications here are the ones it still carries: the opening of the exterior in a cold-damage pattern, and the relief of a blocked throat. 殺百藥毒, killing the toxins of all drugs, is not a real antidotal action and should not be relied on by anyone who has actually taken a poison.
安胎, quieting the foetus, is worth flagging rather than warning against: scallion is an ordinary food and eating it in pregnancy is unremarkable, but nothing supports a therapeutic action on threatened miscarriage, which is an obstetric emergency.
譯 1.26.2 Source원문
處處種之, 宜冬月食. 只可和五味用之, 不宜多食, 盖開骨節出汗虗人故爾.
Translation영역
It is planted everywhere and is best eaten in the winter months. It should only be used blended with the five flavours and ought not be eaten in quantity, for it opens the joints of the bones, brings out sweat, and so makes a person vacuous.
Clinical note임상 주석
開骨節出汗虗人 is the book stating its own limit on a food it otherwise recommends, and it follows from the diaphoretic action: anything that opens the exterior and brings out sweat will, taken day after day, cost fluid. This is the kind of self-imposed caution that §9 of this project's rules asks to be preserved rather than paraphrased away.
譯 1.26.3 Source원문
一名凍葱, 謂經冬不死, 分莖栽蒔而無子也. 食用入藥最善.
Translation영역
One name for it is winter scallion, meaning that it passes through the winter without dying; it is propagated by dividing the stalks and sets no seed. For eating and for putting into medicine it is the best kind.
Clinical note임상 주석
分莖栽蒔而無子 — propagated by division and setting no seed — is a real horticultural observation about the perennial scallion (Allium fistulosum) as against the annual onions, and it sits awkwardly beside the first leaf below, which is the seed. The book carries both without noticing the tension; it is describing a cultivated clone here and a seed-bearing plant there.
譯 1.26.4 Source원문
此物大抵以發散爲功. 多食昏人神. 且白冷而青熱, 傷寒藥去青葉者, 以其熱也.
Translation영역
This thing works, broadly speaking, by dispersing outward. Eaten in quantity it clouds a person's spirit. Moreover the white is cold and the green is hot, and cold-damage prescriptions remove the green leaf because of that heat.
Clinical note임상 주석
白冷而青熱 is the sentence that justifies the headword. The chapter does not enter the scallion as a plant but as its white base, and this passage says why: the green top is held to be hot and is discarded from exterior-releasing prescriptions. That is the rule the formulary follows — 葱白 appears in 145 formulas on this site and the green leaf in none — and it is the reason the first of the five leaves below is the seed rather than the leaf.
譯 1.26.5 Source원문
葱者菜之伯, 雖臭而有用, 消金玉成漿. 《本草》
Translation영역
The scallion is the chief of vegetables; rank though it is, it has its uses, and it dissolves gold and jade into a liquor.
Clinical note임상 주석
消金玉成漿, dissolving gold and jade into a liquor, is false — allium juice does not dissolve either — and it is worth saying so plainly rather than translating it as though it were an observation. It belongs to the same alchemical register as the metal-softening claims in the Jade and Metals chapters.
譯 1.26.6 Source원문
入手太隂經足陽明經, 以通上下之陽也, 專主發散風寒. 《湯液》
Translation영역
It enters the hand greater yin and foot yang brightness channels, and so frees the yang above and below; it governs specifically the dispersing of wind and cold.
1.26.1 Scallion Seed 實
譯 1.26.1.1 Source원문
卽葱子也. 明目, 温中, 益精. 《本草》
Translation영역
This is the scallion seed. It brightens the eyes, warms the centre and benefits the essence.
Clinical note임상 주석
卽葱子也 is the book glossing its own headword, and the gloss is what makes this leaf findable: 實 alone would be unreadable out of context. The seed is not a drug in modern Korean or Chinese practice and neither 葱實 nor 葱子 appears anywhere in this site's formulary, so no herb link is recorded. There is nothing toxic about it; it is simply unused.
1.26.2 Scallion Rootlets 根
譯 1.26.2.1 Source원문
卽葱鬚也. 主傷寒陽明經頭痛. 《本草》
Translation영역
These are the scallion's whiskers. They govern headache of the yang brightness channel in cold damage.
Clinical note임상 주석
**This leaf is used and the link to the materia medica is missing rather than absent on purpose.** 卽葱鬚也 identifies it as the fibrous rootlets, and the formulary of this site carries 葱根 in five places — in a 回春 gargle for wind and worm toothache and in an 醫鑑 wash for chancre among them — where it is entered against the fresh-scallion drug 生葱 with 葱根, the roots, kept in the preparation. Since neither 葱根 nor 葱鬚 is a headword or an alias in the materia medica, the herb field is left empty here rather than pointed at a name that does not match, and the pair 葱根 = saengchong is reported for the alias table.
The indication is narrow and specific — frontal headache in an exterior pattern — and is the sort of claim that a decoction of scallion roots will neither prove nor disprove. Nothing here is harmful.
1.26.3 Scallion Leaf 葉
譯 1.26.3.1 Source원문
治諸瘡中風水腫痛, 成破傷風. 《本草》
Translation영역
It treats sores of every kind that have been struck by wind, with watery swelling and pain, and that have gone on to lockjaw.
Clinical note임상 주석
成破傷風 is tetanus, and it is the one place in this section where a modern reader has to be unambiguous: **tetanus is treated with wound debridement, tetanus immune globulin, antibiotics (metronidazole), muscle relaxation and airway support, and is prevented by vaccination.** Case fatality in generalised tetanus remains high even with intensive care. A poultice of scallion leaf on a contaminated wound has no part in this, and the passage should be read as a record of what a sixteenth-century practitioner did when faced with a wound infection he could not treat.
The green leaf is also the part the headword section above explicitly discards from exterior-releasing prescriptions (白冷而青熱), which is consistent with its appearing here only as an external application.
1.26.4 Scallion Flower 花
譯 1.26.4.1 Translation영역
It governs spleen and heart pain.
Clinical note임상 주석
The shortest leaf in this half of the chapter: four characters of indication and nothing else. 脾心痛 in the Bogam's own 心病 chapter is epigastric pain referred to the heart region, not cardiac pain — but the distinction is exactly the one that cannot be made at the bedside without an electrocardiogram, and chest pain presenting as "stomach pain" is a recognised presentation of myocardial infarction. The scallion flower is not a drug in modern use and appears in no formula on this site.
1.26.5 Shallot 胡葱
譯 1.26.5.1 Source원문
性温, 味辛, 無毒. 温中, 消糓, 下氣, 殺蟲. 久食傷神損性.
Translation영역
Its nature is warm, its flavour acrid, and it is without toxicity. It warms the centre, disperses grain, brings down qi and kills worms. Eaten over long periods it damages the spirit and injures the nature.
譯 1.26.5.2 Source원문
其狀似大蒜而小, 形圎皮赤, 稍長而銳. 五六月採. 亦是葷物耳. 《本草》
Translation영역
Its form is like garlic but smaller, round in shape with a red skin, somewhat elongated and pointed. It is gathered in the fifth and sixth months. It too is one of the rank foods.
譯 1.26.5.3 Source원문
味似葱而不甚辛. 疑是今之紫葱也. 《俗方》
Translation영역
Its flavour is like the scallion's but not very acrid. I suspect it is what is now called the purple scallion.
Clinical note임상 주석
疑是今之紫葱也 — "I suspect it is what is now called the purple scallion" — is Heo Jun's own hedge, and the 疑是 formula recurs five times in this half-chapter (also at 渣芹, 鹿角菜 and twice elsewhere). It is the most useful thing in the leaf: the compiler is telling the reader that he is matching a Chinese 本草 name to a Korean plant and is not certain of the match. **The identification should be left where he left it.** 形圎皮赤 with a bulb smaller than garlic and a red skin describes a shallot or a red onion (Allium cepa var. aggregatum) rather than the scallion, and that is as far as the text will carry.
Neither 胡葱 nor 紫葱 appears in this site's formulary, and no herb link is recorded.
1.27 Garlic 大蒜
`마ᄂᆞᆯ` 은 지금 `마늘` 이다. 아래아(ㆍ)가 ㅡ 로 간 꼴(`ᄂᆞᆯ → 늘`)이므로 이어짐이 또렷하다. 이 절에는 **본문 안에 또 하나의 우리말이 있다** — 세 번째 구절 끝의 `≪도야마ᄂᆞᆯ≫` 이다. 그것은 향명 칸에 들어가지 않는다(표제어의 이름이 아니라 `獨頭蒜`, 곧 쪽이 갈라지지 않은 통마늘의 **품종 이름**이다). 그래서 전사본이 둔 자리에 그대로 두고 세주로 살렸다. 자세한 것은 그 구절의 주기에 적었다.
譯 1.27.1 Source원문
性温一云熱, 味辛, 有毒. 主散癕腫, 除風濕, 去瘴氣, 爛痃癖, 破冷除風, 健脾温胃, 止霍亂轉筋, 辟瘟疫, 療勞瘧, 去蠱毒, 療蛇蟲傷.
Translation영역
Its nature is warm one says hot, its flavour acrid, and it is toxic. It governs the dispersal of abscesses and swellings, eliminates wind-damp, dispels miasmic qi, rots away string-lump and aggregation, breaks cold and dispels wind, strengthens the spleen and warms the stomach, checks sudden turmoil with cramping sinews, wards off epidemic pestilence, treats taxation malaria, dispels gu toxin, and treats bites from snakes and insects.
Clinical note임상 주석
**有毒 at the head of garlic is the book being careful about a food, and modern practice has its own reasons to agree with it, though not the same ones.** Three things have to be said to anyone who uses this drug today.
First, interaction. Garlic and its allicin-derived sulphur compounds inhibit platelet aggregation and induce CYP3A4; the clinically documented problems are a raised bleeding risk with warfarin and other anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents, and reduced plasma levels of saquinavir and other substrates. Surgical guidance is to stop concentrated garlic preparations about seven days before an operation. A patient on warfarin who begins taking garlic capsules needs their INR checked.
Second, the gut. Large amounts of raw garlic on an empty stomach cause burning epigastric pain, nausea and diarrhoea; it is a direct mucosal irritant, and the book's own 不可食 and 久食傷肝損目 below are pointing at the same experience.
Third — and this is the one that sends people to hospital — **topical garlic causes chemical burns.** Crushed raw garlic held against the skin under occlusion produces a second-degree irritant contact burn in a few hours, and the dermatological literature carries a long run of case reports, many of them in children and many of them from exactly the practice this passage records: garlic applied to a boil or an abscess. Diallyl disulphide is the sensitiser and allicin the irritant. If the method below (灸癕疽) is to be used at all, the contact must be brief, the skin must be inspected, and garlic must never be left on under a dressing overnight.
Of the indications, 辟瘟疫 and 療勞瘧 are not supportable — malaria is diagnosed on a blood film or rapid antigen test and treated with artemisinin-based combination therapy — and 療蛇蟲傷 must not displace antivenom.
譯 1.27.2 Source원문
園圃皆種之, 經年者良. 五月五日採.
Translation영역
It is planted in every garden plot, and the kind that has stood a full year is the good one. It is gathered on the fifth day of the fifth month.
譯 1.27.3 Source원문
蒜葷菜也. 今人謂葫爲大蒜, 性最葷臭, 不可食. 久食傷肝損目.
Translation영역
Garlic is a rank vegetable. People nowadays call ho the great garlic; its nature is the rankest and most fetid of all, and it ought not be eaten. Eaten over long periods it damages the liver and injures the eyes.
Clinical note임상 주석
今人謂葫爲大蒜 settles the synonymy that the materia medica already records: 葫 is carried as an alias of daesan, and the book here says why — the old name 葫 had come to mean the large-cloved garlic. 久食傷肝損目 has no modern counterpart; garlic is not hepatotoxic at food doses and does not injure the eyes. The sentence belongs to the Daoist dietary tradition that forbids the five rank vegetables, which the chapter quotes again at 韭菜 (最是養性所忌), 蕺菜, 芸薹 (道家特忌) and 薤菜.
譯 1.27.4 Source원문
獨顆者謂之獨頭蒜, 殺鬼去痛, 灸癕疽方多用之도야마ᄂᆞᆯ.
Translation영역
The single-lobed kind is called the single-head garlic; it kills demons and dispels pain, and prescriptions for cauterising abscesses and sores use it a great deal 도야마ᄂᆞᆯ.
Clinical note임상 주석
獨頭蒜, the single-clove garlic, is a real horticultural form — a bulb that has failed to divide into cloves — and it is still sold in Korea and China as 통마늘 or 독두산 and still preferred for medicinal use. 灸癕疽 is the garlic-moxa method: a slice of garlic laid on the abscess and a moxa cone burned on top of it. **The caution in the first passage applies here with full force.** This is the single most common cause of garlic chemical burn in the modern case literature, and combining it with a burning moxa cone adds a thermal injury to an irritant one. If it is done, the slice must be thin, the sitting short, and the skin checked between cones.
譯 1.27.5 Source원문
久食能清血, 令髮早白. 《本草》
Translation영역
Eaten over long periods it is able to clear the blood, and it makes the hair turn white early.
Clinical note임상 주석
能清血 is an interesting line to read against the modern interaction data. The book means something closer to clearing heat from the blood than to thinning it, but garlic's documented effect on platelet aggregation means the phrase lands, by accident, on the one pharmacological action of garlic that genuinely matters at the bedside. 令髮早白 is not supportable.
1.27.1 Lesser Garlic 小蒜
**`hyangmyeong_mod` 를 비웠다. 까닭을 적어 둔다.** `족지` 는 소리만 지금 말로 옮기면 `쪽지` 가 된다(ㅈ → ㅉ 경음화는 이 시기 뒤로 흔한 길이고, `족 → 쪽` 은 「쪽마늘」의 `쪽` 과 같은 낱말로 보인다). 그런데 **현대 표준어에 이 식물을 가리키는 `쪽지` 라는 낱말이 없다** — `쪽지` 는 「적은 종이」를 뜻하는 다른 낱말이다. 그래서 뜻이 이어지는 낱말을 적을 수 없고, 소리만 옮긴 꼴은 여기에 적어 둔다.
더 중요한 것은 **`달래` 라고 적어서는 안 된다**는 것이다. 요즘 참고서들이 `小蒜` 을 달래로 풀는 일이 많은데, **이 책은 `小蒜` 과 `野蒜`(향명 `ᄃᆞᆯ랑괴`, 곧 달래)을 따로 세워 두었다**(1.27.2). 둘을 같은 것으로 적으면 책이 갈라 둔 것을 합치는 것이 된다(지침 §3.6 의 `急性子` 자리와 같은 꼴이다). 책을 믿고 비웠다.
譯 1.27.1.1 Source원문
性温一云熱, 味辛, 有小毒. 歸脾腎, 温中, 消糓, 止霍亂吐瀉, 治蠱毒, 付蛇蟲傷.
Translation영역
Its nature is warm one says hot, its flavour acrid, and it has slight toxicity. It homes to the spleen and kidney, warms the centre, disperses grain, checks sudden turmoil with vomiting and diarrhoea, treats gu toxin, and is applied to snake and insect bites.
譯 1.27.1.2 Source원문
一名蒚, 根名薍子. 生山中. 爾雅云, 菜之美者有雲夢之葷. 根苗皆如葫而細小, 亦甚葷臭. 五月五日採. 《本草》
Translation영역
One name for it is ryeok, and its root is called nanja. It grows in the mountains. The Erya says that among the finest of vegetables is the rank herb of Unmong. Root and shoot are both like garlic but fine and small, and it too is very rank and fetid. It is gathered on the fifth day of the fifth month.
Clinical note임상 주석
根苗皆如葫而細小 — root and shoot like garlic but small — with 生山中 places this as a wild mountain allium, and the book keeps it apart both from garlic above and from 野蒜 below. Which species it is cannot be settled from the description: the candidates in Korea are Allium macrostemon (산달래, which is also this chapter's 薤白 drug), A. monanthum (달래, which the next leaf names), and A. sativum escaped. The identification is left open.
**The practical caution for any wild allium is the gathering, not the drug.** Narrow-leaved alliums are confused in the field with Colchicum and with Veratrum, and in Korea with 여로 (Veratrum) in particular; both are lethal. The allium smell when a leaf is crushed is the test, and it is not a sufficient one for a mixed handful. Nothing in this leaf should be read as licence to gather and eat a mountain plant on the strength of a sixteenth-century description.
1.27.2 Wild Garlic 野蒜
`ᄃᆞᆯ랑괴` 는 소리로는 `달랑괴` 이고, 이 낱말이 지금의 `달래` 로 이어진다 (`ᄃᆞᆯ → 달`, 뒤쪽 `-랑괴` 가 `-래` 로 줄어든 꼴). 16–19세기 문헌에 `달랑괴ㆍ 달뢰ㆍ달내` 의 흔들림이 있고 그 줄기가 `달래` 다. 소리만 옮긴 꼴 `달랑괴` 는 현대 표준어에 없으므로, 뜻이 이어지는 낱말 `달래` 를 적고 소리꼴을 여기에 적어 둔다 (果部 1.1 의 `년밤 → 연밥` 과 같은 처리다).
譯 1.27.2.1 Source원문
性味功用, 略與小蒜同. 多生田野中, 似蒜而極細小, 人採食之. 《俗方》
Translation영역
Its nature, flavour, powers and uses are roughly the same as those of the lesser garlic. It grows mostly in fields and open country, resembling garlic but extremely fine and small, and people gather and eat it.
Clinical note임상 주석
A one-sentence Korean leaf, and its value is that it exists at all: 俗方 is Heo Jun's mark for what Korean practice had that the Chinese 本草 did not, and here he adds a wild allium of the fields alongside the mountain one above. 달래 (Allium monanthum) is still gathered and eaten in early spring in Korea. It is a food; there is nothing to warn about in the plant itself, and the field-identification caution at 小蒜 above applies here as well.
1.28 Chinese Chive 韭菜
`부ᄎᆡ` 는 지금 `부추` 다 (`ᄎᆡ → 추` 는 이중모음 ㅐ 가 단모음화한 뒤 ㅜ 로 간 꼴이고, 같은 흔들림이 방언 `부채ㆍ부초ㆍ소풀` 에 남아 있다). 약재 고리는 `herbs.yaml` 의 `gu 韭` 로 간다 — 표제어 `韭菜` 가 별칭표에 `구채` 로 이미 올라 있다.
譯 1.28.1 Source원문
性温一云熱, 味辛微酸, 無毒. 歸心, 安五蔵, 除胃中熱, 補虗乏, 煖腰膝, 除胷中痺. 《本草》
Translation영역
Its nature is warm one says hot, its flavour acrid and slightly sour, and it is without toxicity. It homes to the heart, quiets the five viscera, eliminates heat in the stomach, supplements vacuity and depletion, warms the lower back and knees, and eliminates impediment in the chest.
Clinical note임상 주석
除胷中痺, eliminating impediment in the chest, is the indication that gave this drug its one durable modern use: chive juice is the vehicle in several of the Bogam's own blood-moving chest formulas, and the formulary of this site records 韭汁, 生韭, 韭白 and 韭白根 as preparations of this entry. **Chest impediment that is actually angina is not something a chive decoction treats**, and chest pain with exertion needs an electrocardiogram and a cardiology assessment, not a vegetable juice.
The plant itself is a food and carries no toxicity. One real caution does attach to the raw juice in quantity: alliums in large amounts cause gastric irritation, and the sulphur compounds have the same antiplatelet direction as garlic's, so the anticoagulant interaction noted at 大蒜 applies in a weaker form.
譯 1.28.2 Source원문
韭能去胷中惡血滯氣, 又能充肝氣. 《丹心》
Translation영역
Chive is able to dispel malign blood and stagnant qi from the chest, and it is also able to fill out the liver qi.
譯 1.28.3 Source원문
處處有之, 一種而久者, 故謂之韭. 圃人種蒔, 一歲而三四割之, 其根不傷, 至冬壅培, 先春而復生. 信乎一種而久者也. 菜中此物最温而益人, 宜常食之.
Translation영역
It is found everywhere, and because it is planted once and lasts, it is called gu. Gardeners plant it out and cut it three or four times a year without harming the root; banked up with earth before winter it comes up again ahead of the spring. Truly it is a thing planted once and lasting long. Among vegetables this one is the warmest and the most beneficial to a person, and it ought to be eaten regularly.
Clinical note임상 주석
一種而久者故謂之韭 is a folk etymology on the graph, and the horticulture around it is accurate: chive is a perennial cut several times a season and mulched over winter, which is exactly how it is grown in Korea now. The passage is the clearest statement in the chapter of why a food-drug earns an entry — because it is on the table all year.
譯 1.28.4 Translation영역
This thing is particularly acrid and fetid, and is the chief of the things forbidden to those who nurture their nature.
Clinical note임상 주석
The book contradicts itself within two passages — 宜常食之 above and 最是養性所忌 here — and the contradiction is not an error to be resolved but a record of two traditions: the dietetic one that recommends the warming vegetable, and the Daoist one that forbids the five rank herbs. The Bogam prints both. The same pair recurs at 大蒜, 蕺菜 and 芸薹.
譯 1.28.5 Source원문
取汁服, 或作葅食, 並佳. 《本草》
Translation영역
Taking the juice, or making it into a pickle and eating it, are both good.
1.28.1 Chinese Chive Seed 子
譯 1.28.1.1 Source원문
性煖. 主夢泄精, 尿白, 煖腰膝, 壯陽道, 療精滑甚良. 入藥微炒用之. 《本草》
Translation영역
Its nature is warming. It governs seminal emission in dreams and cloudy urine, warms the lower back and knees, strengthens the yang path, and treats seminal slipping very well. For putting into medicine it is lightly dry-fried before use.
Clinical note임상 주석
韭子 is a drug in current use — nineteen formulas on this site carry it, almost all of them for the group of complaints named here — and the indications are coherent as a tradition: nocturnal emission, cloudy urine, lumbar cold and sexual debility all belong to the kidney-yang pattern. Two modern points.
尿白, cloudy urine, is a sign and not a diagnosis. The differential includes urinary tract infection, phosphaturia, chyluria and prostatitis; the first of these is common, treatable and sometimes serious, and needs a urine dipstick and culture rather than a warming seed.
壯陽道 for erectile dysfunction: the modern work-up matters because erectile dysfunction is an early marker of endothelial disease and often the first sign of diabetes or cardiovascular disease. A man presenting with it should have a blood pressure, fasting glucose or HbA1c and lipids checked. 微炒, the light dry-frying, is the standard processing and is retained in the pharmacopoeia.
1.29 Rakkyo 薤菜
`염교` 는 16세기 꼴과 현대 표준어가 **글자까지 같은** 자리다 (果部의 `밤`ㆍ`감` 과 같은 꼴이고, 내 묶음에서는 `고사리`ㆍ`미나리`ㆍ`가지`ㆍ`거여목`ㆍ`양하`ㆍ`평지`ㆍ `근대`ㆍ`표고`ㆍ`다ᄉᆞ마`(다시마만 ㅿ 탈락) 들과 함께 여러 자리가 그렇다). `염교` 는 지금도 _Allium chinense_ 를 가리키는 표준어다.
譯 1.29.1 Source원문
性温, 味辛苦, 無毒. 調中, 止久痢冷瀉, 除寒熱, 去水氣, 肥健人.
Translation영역
Its nature is warm, its flavour acrid and bitter, and it is without toxicity. It harmonises the centre, checks chronic dysentery and cold diarrhoea, eliminates chills and fever, dispels water qi, and makes a person plump and robust.
Clinical note임상 주석
**This section's drug link is missing rather than absent on purpose, and the reason is a name mismatch.** The materia medica carries this drug as haebaek 薤白, Allii Macrostemi Bulbus, the white bulb; the Bogam's headword is 薤菜, the vegetable. The indication set here — harmonising the centre, chronic dysentery, cold diarrhoea, dispelling water qi — is the 薤白 indication set, and the fourth passage below says 多白, that it has much white, which is the part in question. The formulary of this site uses 薤白 in twelve places and bare 薤 in one (a congee name). Since 薤菜 is neither the headword hanja nor an alias, the herb field is left empty and the pair 薤菜 = haebaek is reported for the alias table.
Clinically: 止久痢 is where the caution belongs. Chronic diarrhoea and dysentery in a modern setting need a stool examination for pathogens and parasites and, if they persist, investigation for inflammatory bowel disease, coeliac disease and colorectal cancer. Rakkyo is a food and does not substitute for that.
譯 1.29.2 Source원문
薤性温補, 仙方及服食家皆須之.
Translation영역
Rakkyo is warm and supplementing in nature, and the recipes of the immortals and the dietary adepts all require it.
譯 1.29.3 Translation영역
It homes to the bones. It is the mushroom among vegetables.
Clinical note임상 주석
菜芝, the 芝 or auspicious fungus among vegetables, is a term of praise from the longevity literature and not a botanical claim. 歸於骨 belongs to the same 歸 + organ idiom that the first printing's reading at 葱白 (歸目 for 明目) also uses.
譯 1.29.4 Source원문
生圃中, 似韭而葉闊多白無實. 雖辛而不葷五蔵, 故道家常餌之, 補虗最宜人.
Translation영역
It grows in garden plots, resembling the chive but with broader leaves, much white, and no seed. Acrid though it is, it does not foul the five viscera, and so the Daoists take it regularly; for supplementing vacuity it suits a person best of all.
Clinical note임상 주석
雖辛而不葷五蔵 is the sentence that exempts this allium from the Daoist prohibition that falls on garlic and chive, and it is the reason 道家常餌之 — the Daoists ate it when they would not eat the others. 多白無實 is the description that the materia medica's 薤白 is named from.
譯 1.29.5 Translation영역
It may be eaten made into a broth or a gruel, and it does equally well blanched and made into pickles and preserves.
譯 1.29.6 Source원문
薤葉闊而更光, 故古人言薤露者, 以其光滑難竚之義也. 《本草》
Translation영역
The rakkyo leaf is broad and moreover glossy, and so when the ancients spoke of the dew on the rakkyo it was in the sense of something slippery and glossy on which nothing will stay.
Clinical note임상 주석
薤露 is the title of an old funeral song — dew on the rakkyo leaf, which will not stay — and the passage is a philological note rather than a pharmacological one. It is worth keeping because it shows the 本草 compilers reaching for literature to explain a plant's name, and because the physical observation underneath it is correct: the leaf of Allium chinense is waxy and sheds water.
1.30 Schizonepeta 荊芥
`뎡가` 는 ㄷ 구개음화 이전 표기이고 지금 말로는 `정가` 다 (`뎡 → 정`). `정가` 는 현대 한국어에서도 荊芥의 우리말 이름으로 남아 있다. 이 절은 표제어 `荊芥` 가 `herbs.yaml` 에 한자 그대로 있으므로 향명이 고리를 가리지 않아도 되는 자리다.
譯 1.30.1 Source원문
性温, 味辛苦, 無毒. 治惡風賊風, 遍身㿏痺, 傷寒頭痛, 筋骨煩疼, 血勞風氣, 療瘰癧瘡瘍.
Translation영역
Its nature is warm, its flavour acrid and bitter, and it is without toxicity. It treats malign wind and bandit wind, numb impediment over the whole body, headache in cold damage, vexing pain of the sinews and bones, and wind qi in blood taxation; and it treats scrofula and sores and ulcers.
Clinical note임상 주석
Schizonepeta is one of the two drugs in this half-chapter in heavy modern use — 257 formulas on this site carry it, against 258 for platycodon — and it is used for what the passage says: an exterior pattern with wind, itching skin eruptions, and headache. It is a dried aerial herb with a volatile oil and carries no toxicity worth stating; the pharmacopoeial dose is around 3–9 g and the herb is added late in the decoction because the oil is volatile.
療瘰癧, treating scrofula, needs the modern note: cervical lymphadenopathy that is chronic, matted and suppurating is tuberculous lymphadenitis far more often than anything else, and it is a notifiable, curable disease treated with a multi-drug antituberculous regimen over six months. It also covers lymphoma and metastatic carcinoma. A persistently enlarged neck node needs imaging and a biopsy.
譯 1.30.2 Source원문
生圃中, 初生香辛可啖, 作菜生熟食并煎茶服, 能清利頭目.
Translation영역
It grows in garden plots; when it first comes up it is fragrant and acrid and may be eaten, and made into a vegetable dish raw or cooked, or decocted as a tea and drunk, it is able to clear and free the head and eyes.
譯 1.30.3 Source원문
取花實成穗者曝乾入藥. 《本草》
Translation영역
The flowering and fruiting spikes are taken, dried in the sun and put into medicine.
Clinical note임상 주석
花實成穗, the flowering and fruiting spike, is the part the materia medica carries separately as 荊芥穗, which is recorded in this site's alias table as a part of hyeonggae. The distinction is live in practice: the spike is held to release the exterior more strongly than the stem and leaf, and good material is sold as spike.
譯 1.30.4 Source원문
本名假蘓, 以氣味似紫蘓故也. 《入門》
Translation영역
Its original name was false perilla, because its scent and flavour resemble those of purple perilla.
Clinical note임상 주석
假蘓 — false perilla — is the book explaining a name by a smell, and the observation is good: schizonepeta and perilla are both Lamiaceae with similar volatile oils, and the two plants are confused in the field. **The confusion matters because this project files them two sections apart and the drugs are not interchangeable**: schizonepeta is the stronger exterior-releaser and perilla leaf the one used with pregnancy and with fish and crab poisoning. The next section is 紫蘓 itself.
1.31 Purple Perilla 紫蘓
`ᄎᆞ조기` 는 지금 `차조기` 다 (`ᄎᆞ → 차`, 아래아가 ㅏ 로 간 보통 꼴). `차조기` 는 지금도 _Perilla frutescens_ var. _crispa_ 의 표준 우리말 이름이고, 1.40 荏子의 `들ᄞᅢ`(들깨, var. _frutescens_)와 **다른 품종**이다 — 이 문이 둘을 열여섯 절 떨어진 자리에 따로 세운 까닭이다.
**이 향명에 교감줄이 붙는다.** 032b 발의 다섯째 줄이 `조 : 소(초간본)` 이고, 그 잎에서 `조` 는 이 향명 `ᄎᆞ조기` 에 한 번만 나온다. 곧 初刊本은 `ᄎᆞ소기` 로 읽는다. 16세기 한국어의 ㅈ/ㅅ 흔들림이 드러나는 자리이고 국어사 쪽에서 값이 있다. 전사본의 `ᄎᆞ조기` 를 싣고 初刊本의 읽기를 여기에 적어 둔다.
약재 고리는 `herbs.yaml` 의 `jasoyeop 紫蘇葉` 으로 간다 — 별칭표가 `紫蘇` 를 그 짝으로 이미 적어 두었고, 처방표에서 벌거벗은 `紫蘇` 가 31 자리에 쓰인다.
譯 1.31.1 Source원문
性温, 味辛, 無毒. 治心腹脹滿, 止霍亂, 療脚氣, 通大小腸, 除一切冷氣, 散風寒表邪, 又能下胷膈痰氣.
Translation영역
Its nature is warm, its flavour acrid, and it is without toxicity. It treats distension and fullness of the heart and abdomen, checks sudden turmoil, treats leg qi, frees the large and small intestines, eliminates cold qi of every kind, disperses wind-cold evil in the exterior, and is also able to bring down phlegm qi from the chest and diaphragm.
Clinical note임상 주석
Perilla leaf is in constant use — 94 formulas on this site carry 紫蘇葉 and 99 carry 蘇葉, with a further 31 under bare 紫蘇 — and it is a mild, safe, aromatic exterior-releaser. It is the drug of choice in the tradition for an exterior pattern in pregnancy and for fish and shellfish poisoning, both of which it is still used for.
It is also a food: the leaf is eaten raw in Korea and Japan, and the plant's safety record at culinary doses is long. Two real points. Perilla pollen and the plant's leaf are recognised occupational allergens in Korea and Japan, with reported contact dermatitis and asthma in growers and handlers. And perilla ketone, which is present at high levels in some chemotypes, causes fatal pulmonary oedema in cattle grazing the plant; the chemotypes grown for human food are low in it, but this is the reason perilla should not be assumed harmless at extract-level doses.
譯 1.31.2 Source원문
生園圃中, 葉下紫色皺而氣甚香, 可入藥. 其無紫色不香者, 名曰野蘓, 不堪用. 其背面皆紫者尤佳. 夏採莖葉, 秋採實.
Translation영역
It grows in garden plots; the underside of the leaf is purple and crinkled and the scent is very fragrant, and it may be put into medicine. The kind without the purple colour and without the fragrance is called wild perilla and is not fit to use. The kind purple on both back and face is the best of all. In summer the stem and leaf are gathered, in autumn the seed.
Clinical note임상 주석
**This is the grading passage and it is still the right one.** The purple underside and the strong scent are the marks of the anthocyanin-rich, volatile-oil-rich chemotype; the green, scentless plant the book rejects as 野蘓 is either the oilseed variety or a reverted escape. A modern dispenser inspecting 자소엽 is looking for exactly what this passage describes. 夏採莖葉秋採實 sets out the three drugs the two leaves below divide: the summer leaf, the summer stem, and the autumn seed.
譯 1.31.3 Source원문
葉可生食, 與一切魚肉作羹良. 《本草》
Translation영역
The leaf may be eaten raw, and it is good made into a broth with fish or flesh of any kind.
Clinical note임상 주석
與一切魚肉作羹 is the culinary form of the drug's best-attested traditional use: perilla cooked with fish. The tradition reads it as resolving fish toxin; the plain reason it works is that the aromatic leaf masks and the dish is cooked. Raw perilla leaf wrapped around food is still everyday in Korea.
1.31.1 Perilla Seed 子
譯 1.31.1.1 Source원문
主上氣咳逆, 調中, 益五蔵, 下氣, 止霍亂反胃, 利大小便, 止嗽, 潤心肺, 消痰氣, 又療肺氣喘急, 與橘皮相宜. 微炒用. 《本草》
Translation영역
It governs qi rising with cough and counterflow, harmonises the centre, benefits the five viscera, brings down qi, checks sudden turmoil and stomach reflux, frees the stools and urine, checks coughing, moistens the heart and lung, disperses phlegm qi, and further treats hurried panting of lung qi; it goes well with tangerine peel. It is lightly dry-fried before use.
Clinical note임상 주석
蘇子 is a drug of current use — 39 formulas on this site under 蘇子 and 6 under 紫蘇子 — and the indication set is coherent and modern-looking: a descending, phlegm-dispersing, bowel-moistening seed for cough and wheeze in the elderly. The seed is rich in alpha-linolenic acid, which is also why 微炒, the light dry-frying, is specified: it stabilises the oil and is still the pharmacopoeial processing.
肺氣喘急, hurried panting of lung qi, covers asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure. **Acute breathlessness is an emergency and belongs to inhaled bronchodilators, oxygen and a diagnosis, not to a seed.** 與橘皮相宜 is a compatibility note of the kind the 本草 uses to signal a standard pairing; 蘇子 with 橘皮 is the core of several descending-qi formulas.
1.31.2 Perilla Stem 莖
譯 1.31.2.1 Source원문
治風寒濕痺, 筋骨疼痛, 及脚氣. 與葉同煑飮佳. 《本草》
Translation영역
It treats wind-cold-damp impediment, aching pain of the sinews and bones, and leg qi. It is good decocted and drunk together with the leaf.
Clinical note임상 주석
**The stem is a drug in its own right and the materia medica does not carry it as one, so this leaf is linked to the parent entry and the fact is recorded here.** This site's formulary uses 紫蘇莖 in three places (as 蘇莖 in the same three), and the alias table folds 紫蘇莖 and 紫蘇莖葉 into jasoyeop, the leaf entry, as parts; so the stem resolves to the perilla-leaf drug and the link follows the table, exactly as the licorice tip 梢 at 草部上 1.6.1 is linked to gamcho. The consequence is that the headword 紫蘓 and this leaf point at one id, and that a reader following the link is shown Perilla Leaf for a stem. 紫蘇莖 is therefore reported as a candidate for an entry of its own.
Clinically the stem is the mildest of the three perilla drugs — it is the qi-moving, pregnancy-safe member of the group in current Chinese practice, where 蘇梗 is used for nausea and epigastric fullness in pregnancy — and the indications given here, wind-damp impediment and leg qi, are not the ones it is used for now. 與葉同煑 is the combined stem-and-leaf drug that the alias table records as 紫蘇莖葉.
1.32 Elsholtzia 香薷
`노야기` 는 16세기 꼴과 현대 표준어가 같은 자리다. `노야기` 는 지금도 _Elsholtzia ciliata_ 의 우리말 이름으로 쓰이고, 표제어 `香薷` 가 `herbs.yaml` 에 한자 그대로 있으므로 고리를 가릴 일이 없다.
譯 1.32.1 Source원문
性微温, 味辛, 無毒. 主霍亂腹痛吐下, 散水腫, 消暑濕, 煖胃氣, 除煩熱.
Translation영역
Its nature is slightly warm, its flavour acrid, and it is without toxicity. It governs sudden turmoil with abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhoea, disperses water swelling, dissolves summerheat-damp, warms the stomach qi, and eliminates vexing heat.
Clinical note임상 주석
Elsholtzia is the classical summer drug — 27 formulas on this site carry it, almost all of them for summerheat patterns with vomiting and diarrhoea — and 消暑濕 is what it is still prescribed for. It is a safe aromatic herb at decoction doses and carries no toxicity worth stating.
**The modern caution is about what 霍亂 was.** 霍亂 in the Bogam is sudden vomiting with diarrhoea from any cause, and it includes what we would call cholera and severe gastroenteritis. The treatment of profuse watery diarrhoea is oral rehydration solution, or intravenous fluid if the patient cannot drink — death in cholera is from hypovolaemia and is preventable by fluid alone — together with an antibiotic (doxycycline or azithromycin) in confirmed cholera. An aromatic decoction has no part in that and the delay would be fatal. In the much commoner mild summer gastroenteritis the herb is harmless and the rehydration still matters more.
譯 1.32.2 Source원문
家家皆種, 暑月亦作蔬菜食之. 九十月作穗後採乾之. 《本草》
Translation영역
Every household plants it, and in the summer months it is also made into a vegetable dish and eaten. After it comes into spike in the ninth and tenth months it is gathered and dried.
譯 1.32.3 Source원문
一名香茹, 言可作菜茹也. 《入門》
Translation영역
One name for it is fragrant pot-herb, meaning that it can be made into a vegetable dish.
Clinical note임상 주석
香茹 for 香薷 is a pun on the near-homophone, and the 入門 is pointing out that the drug's own name advertises it as food. That is the editorial logic of this whole chapter, and it is why a herb used in 27 formulas sits among the vegetables rather than in the Herbs chapter that begins two leaves later.
1.33 Mint 薄荷
`영ᄉᆡᆼ이` 는 소리로 `영생이` 이고 (`ᄉᆡᆼ → 생`, ㅐ 의 단모음화), 이 낱말이 지금도 박하의 우리말 이름으로 남아 있다 — 표준어 사전에는 `박하` 가 머리말이지만 `영생이` 가 방언ㆍ옛 이름으로 함께 올라 있다. 그래서 `hyangmyeong_mod` 에 `영생이` 를 적었다. 약재 고리는 표제어 `薄荷` 가 `herbs.yaml` 에 그대로 있다.
譯 1.33.1 Source원문
性温一云平, 味辛苦, 無毒. 能引諸藥入榮衛, 發毒汗, 療傷寒頭痛, 治中風賊風頭風, 通利關節, 大解勞乏.
Translation영역
Its nature is warm one says balanced, its flavour acrid and bitter, and it is without toxicity. It is able to lead the other drugs into the construction and defence, brings out a toxin-expelling sweat, treats headache in cold damage, treats wind strike and bandit wind and head wind, frees and benefits the joints, and greatly relieves taxation and depletion.
Clinical note임상 주석
Mint is the third of this half-chapter's heavily used drugs — 254 formulas on this site — and at decoction doses the dried leaf is as safe as a drug gets. The cautions all attach to concentrated menthol rather than to the herb.
**The one that has to be stated is paediatric.** Menthol and other camphoraceous volatile oils applied to the face, nose or chest of an infant or small child can provoke laryngospasm, reflex apnoea and bronchospasm; nasal instillation of menthol preparations in infants has caused collapse, and the European and American regulators accordingly restrict menthol and camphor products in children under two (and, for some products, under six). **Menthol ointment or oil must not be put on or under the nose of a baby.** Peppermint oil taken by mouth relaxes the lower oesophageal sphincter and worsens reflux, and undiluted peppermint oil is a mucosal irritant.
Of the indications, 中風 as cerebrovascular accident is the one that cannot wait: sudden focal weakness, facial droop or speech disturbance is a stroke call, and thrombolysis and thrombectomy are time-limited. 中風 in the Bogam also covers wind patterns that are not stroke, and nothing in the text distinguishes them.
譯 1.33.2 Source원문
圃中種蒔, 可生啖, 亦宜作葅. 夏秋採莖葉曝乾用. 《本草》
Translation영역
It is planted out in garden plots and may be eaten raw, and it also does well made into pickles. In summer and autumn the stem and leaf are gathered, dried in the sun and used.
譯 1.33.3 Source원문
性味辛凉, 最清頭目, 治骨蒸. 入手太隂手厥隂經, 上行之藥也. 《湯液》
Translation영역
Its nature and flavour are acrid and cool; it clears the head and eyes best of all, and treats steaming of the bones. It enters the hand greater yin and hand terminal yin channels, and is an upward-moving drug.
Clinical note임상 주석
The book contradicts itself between its first passage and this one — 性温 there, 性味辛凉 here — and the contradiction is the Bogam's own, carried from two different sources. It is not an error to resolve: 湯液 (the Tangye Bencao tradition) classes mint as cool and the 本草 line as warm, and the cool reading is the one later practice settled on. It is printed as it stands.
治骨蒸, steaming of the bones, is a chronic low-grade fever pattern; in a modern clinic the differential starts with tuberculosis, and night sweats with weight loss need a chest radiograph.
譯 1.33.4 Translation영역
A cat that eats mint becomes drunk.
Clinical note임상 주석
This is the only line in the chapter that a modern reader can verify in an afternoon, and it is correct — though the plant is not quite the one named. The behaviour is the catnip response, caused by nepetalactone in Nepeta cataria and by related iridoids in Actinidia polygama (matatabi); roughly two thirds of domestic cats show it and the trait is heritable. True Mentha does not reliably produce it, so the 食物本草 is either reporting Nepeta under a Lamiaceae name or reporting a mixed observation. It is a genuine piece of natural history either way, and the kind of line worth not quietly dropping.
1.34 Aubergine 茄子
`가지` 는 16세기 꼴과 현대 표준어가 글자까지 같다. 한자 이름 `茄子` 의 소리가 아니라 고유어이고(한자음은 `가자`), 지금도 이 열매의 표준어다.
譯 1.34.1 Source원문
性寒, 味甘, 無毒. 主寒熱五蔵勞, 及傳尸勞氣.
Translation영역
Its nature is cold, its flavour sweet, and it is without toxicity. It governs chills and fever with taxation of the five viscera, and the taxation qi that is passed from corpse to corpse.
Clinical note임상 주석
傳尸勞 — the taxation passed from corpse to corpse — is consumption, that is pulmonary tuberculosis, and the Bogam names it by its transmissibility. **It is curable and it is treated with a standard multi-drug regimen (isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol for two months, then isoniazid and rifampicin for four), and it is notifiable.** Drug-resistant disease needs sensitivity-guided therapy. Aubergine has no part in this, and the one useful thing this line does today is remind the reader that the Bogam's 虛勞 chapter is full of tuberculosis.
On the aubergine itself: it is a nightshade and contains trace solanidine-type glycoalkaloids, but at levels an order of magnitude below the green potato and far below any toxic threshold — the fruit is a food and the 無毒 here is right. The leaf and the unripe fruit carry more, which is consistent with the book confining its own use of the plant's green parts to the external application in the leaf below.
譯 1.34.2 Source원문
圃中人種而食者, 一名落蘓, 不可多食, 動氣發痼疾.
Translation영역
The kind people plant in garden plots and eat is also called naksso; it ought not be eaten in quantity, for it stirs the qi and sets off chronic complaints.
譯 1.34.3 Source원문
茄類有紫茄黄茄, 南北通有, 青水茄白茄, 北土多有. 入藥多用黄茄, 其餘惟作菜茹耳. 《本草》
Translation영역
Among the aubergine kinds there are the purple and the yellow, found in both south and north, and the green water-aubergine and the white, found mostly in the northern country. For putting into medicine the yellow is mostly used; the rest are only made into vegetable dishes.
Clinical note임상 주석
**This passage is why the herb field is empty.** The materia medica carries daega 大茄, Solani Melongenae Fructus, and its only alias is 茄蒂, the calyx; 茄子 is neither the headword hanja nor an alias, so no link is recorded and the pair 茄子 = daega is reported for the alias table. The formulary of this site uses the word 茄子 exactly once, and there it is a size comparison — 有人生癭大如茄子, a man grew a goitre as big as an aubergine — not an ingredient, which is the trap this project's rules warn about at 牙齒痛.
入藥多用黄茄 is a grading rule and it has a modern footing: the fully ripe yellow fruit has the least glycoalkaloid. The four colour varieties named are real cultivar groups of Solanum melongena.
譯 1.34.4 Source원문
新羅國出一種, 淡光微紫色, 蔕長味甘, 已遍中國. 惟此無益, 無所治. 《入門》
Translation영역
The kingdom of Silla produces one kind, pale and glossy and faintly purple, with a long calyx and a sweet taste, and it has already spread throughout China. This one alone is of no benefit and treats nothing.
Clinical note임상 주석
One of the most quoted sentences in the Decoctions text and one of the most useful to the history of Korean horticulture: a Silla aubergine cultivar, pale, glossy, faintly purple, long-calyxed and sweet, had spread across China by the time the 醫學入門 was compiled in 1575. The judgement attached to it — 惟此無益, 無所治, this one alone benefits nothing and treats nothing — is a Chinese author's, not Heo Jun's, and the 《入門》 mark says so. Heo Jun's act here is editorial: he prints a foreign verdict on a Korean cultivar without arguing with it.
1.34.1 Aubergine Root and Withered Stem and Leaf 根及枯莖葉
譯 1.34.1.1 Translation영역
It governs frostbite sores. A decoction is made and the part soaked and washed in it.
Clinical note임상 주석
A single-use leaf: a warm soak for chilblains. The part_of field is left empty because the parent headword 茄子 has no entry in the materia medica; the page template finds the parent section by number instead.
**On frostbite, the modern management is specific and the traditional one is close to wrong in one respect.** Rewarming is done rapidly in water at 37–39 °C, not slowly and not by rubbing, and the part must not be allowed to refreeze after thawing — a refreeze-thaw cycle causes far worse tissue loss than remaining frozen until definitive care. Ibuprofen, tetanus prophylaxis and, in deep injury within 24 hours, thrombolysis with iloprost or tPA are the interventions that preserve digits. So a warm decoction soak is, in its physical action, the right idea at the right temperature, provided the water is controlled and the limb is not sent back out into the cold. 凍瘡 in the text also covers simple chilblains (perniosis), for which a soak is harmless and the real treatment is keeping warm and dry.
1.35 Water Dropwort 水芹
`미나리` 는 16세기 꼴과 현대 표준어가 글자까지 같다. `믈/미`(물) + `나리` 의 짜임으로 보이고, 표제어 `水芹` 의 뜻과 맞물린다. 표제어가 `herbs.yaml` 에 한자 그대로 있다.
譯 1.35.1 Source원문
性平一云寒, 味甘, 無毒. 止煩渴, 養神益精, 令人肥健, 治酒後熱毒, 利大小腸, 療女子崩中帶下, 小兒曝熱.
Translation영역
Its nature is balanced one says cold, its flavour sweet, and it is without toxicity. It checks vexing thirst, nourishes the spirit and benefits the essence, makes a person plump and robust, treats the heat toxin that follows wine, benefits the large and small intestines, and treats flooding and vaginal discharge in women and sudden fever in children.
Clinical note임상 주석
**This is the most dangerous section in this half of the chapter, and the danger is not in the drug — it is in gathering it.** Korean water dropwort (Oenanthe javanica, 미나리) is a staple vegetable, eaten raw and cooked, and nothing in this entry's indications needs a warning. But the plant grows in wet ditches and paddy margins alongside two lethal umbellifers that look very like it.
**The first is 독미나리, Cicuta virosa, and it is among the most lethal plants in Korea.** Its toxin is cicutoxin, a long-chain polyacetylene that is a non-competitive GABA-A antagonist. Ingestion of a small piece of the root produces vomiting within fifteen to sixty minutes and then generalised status epilepticus, rhabdomyolysis with myoglobinuric renal failure, metabolic acidosis, hyperthermia and death. **There is no antidote.** Management is aggressive benzodiazepine control of seizures, intubation and paralysis if needed, aggressive fluid resuscitation for the rhabdomyolysis, and intensive care; mortality in reported series is substantial even with it. Korean poison-centre reports recur every spring, and the typical case is someone digging what they take to be wild 미나리 and eating the root. The root is the most toxic part and is hollow and chambered in Cicuta — a cut root that is chambered and weeps a yellow, parsnip-smelling juice is Cicuta, not Oenanthe.
**The second is 멧미나리 and the related wild umbellifers of the same habitat**, which are variously edible and not, and are confused with both of the above.
So: the book's uses are translated as the book gives them, and to that must be added the thing the book could not say — **do not gather this plant from the wild.** Cultivated 미나리 from a market is a food. A wild umbellifer with white umbels in a wet ditch is a plant to leave alone. The same applies to the leaf 渣芹 below.
On the indications themselves, 女子崩中 is abnormal uterine bleeding: heavy or intermenstrual bleeding needs a cause found — fibroids, polyps, coagulopathy, endometrial hyperplasia or carcinoma — and in a woman over 45, or younger with risk factors, that means endometrial assessment. 小兒曝熱, sudden fever in a child, is the presentation in which meningitis and sepsis have to be excluded.
譯 1.35.2 Source원문
一名水英. 生水中, 葉似芎藭, 花白色而無實, 根亦白色. 可作虀葅及煑食並得, 生啖亦佳. 亦治五種黄疸. 《本草》
Translation영역
One name for it is water blossom. It grows in water; the leaf resembles that of Sichuan lovage, the flower is white and sets no seed, and the root is white as well. It can be made into pickles and preserves and can equally be cooked and eaten, and it is good eaten raw too. It also treats the five kinds of jaundice.
Clinical note임상 주석
**葉似芎藭, 花白色 — the leaf like Sichuan lovage, the flower white — is the description that makes the warning above necessary rather than optional**, because it is exactly the description that fits Cicuta virosa, Oenanthe javanica and several other wet-ground Apiaceae equally well. The book's own identification key cannot separate the food from the poison, and a reader who gathers on the strength of it is in real danger. 花白色而無實, white-flowered and setting no seed, is a further sign that what is being described is a vegetatively propagated cultivated stand.
生啖亦佳, raw eating, carries a second and quite different hazard. Raw aquatic vegetables in East and South-East Asia are the route by which the giant intestinal fluke Fasciolopsis buski reaches people — the metacercariae encyst on the plant's surface — and the infection causes diarrhoea, abdominal pain and oedema; it is treated with praziquantel. Scalding or cooking destroys the cysts. The same caution belongs to the water plants of this chapter's first half and to 蓴菜 below.
五種黄疸: jaundice is a sign demanding a cause. The urgent separations are biliary obstruction (stone or tumour), acute viral or drug hepatitis, and haemolysis; liver function tests, a hepatitis screen and an ultrasound settle most of it. Painless jaundice with weight loss is pancreatic or biliary malignancy until proved otherwise.
1.35.1 Second-cut Water Dropwort 渣芹
譯 1.35.1.1 Source원문
養精神, 保血脉, 嗜飮食, 主女子赤白帶.
Translation영역
It nourishes the essence-spirit, preserves the blood vessels, gives an appetite for food and drink, and governs red and white vaginal discharge in women.
譯 1.35.1.2 Source원문
疑是春夏刈食後再生嫰芹也. 《俗方》
Translation영역
I suspect this is the tender dropwort that comes up again after the spring and summer cutting has been eaten.
Clinical note임상 주석
Another of Heo Jun's 疑是 hedges, and this one is a guess about a name he found in use rather than about a Chinese 本草 term: 渣 is the dregs or leavings, and he reads the name as the second cut of the same crop. The guess is plausible — 미나리 is cut repeatedly in a season, like the chive at 1.28 — and it should be left as a guess.
**The whole of the gathering warning at 1.35 applies here and applies more sharply**, because a second-cut stand of wet-ground greens is precisely where a Cicuta seedling goes unnoticed among the crop. 赤白帶, red and white discharge: discharge with blood needs a speculum examination and cervical screening, not a decoction.
1.36 Water Shield 蓴菜
전사본의 `슌` 은 고유어가 아니라 한자 `蓴` 의 소리다 (`슌 → 순`, ㅕ 계열 단모음화). 소리만 옮기면 `순` 인데 현대 한국어에서 `순` 은 「새로 돋은 싹」을 뜻하는 다른 낱말이고, **이 식물을 가리키는 낱말은 `순채`** 다. 그래서 果部 1.1 의 `년밤 → 연밥` 과 같은 처리로 뜻이 이어지는 낱말 `순채` 를 적고 소리꼴 `순` 은 여기에 적어 둔다. 본문이 `通名絲蓴`(통틀어 絲蓴이라 한다)이라 하므로 `herbs.yaml` 의 `sasun 絲蓴` 이 같은 약인데, 표제어 한자가 다르고 별칭표에 `蓴` 만 올라 있어 고리를 비웠다 — 짝(`蓴菜 = sasun`)은 보고에 적었다.
譯 1.36.1 Source원문
性寒一云冷, 味甘, 無毒. 主消渴熱痺, 厚腸胃, 補大小腸, 治熱疸, 解百藥毒, 開胃氣.
Translation영역
Its nature is cold one says chilly, its flavour sweet, and it is without toxicity. It governs wasting thirst and heat impediment, thickens the intestines and stomach, supplements the large and small intestines, treats heat jaundice, resolves the toxins of all drugs, and opens the stomach qi.
Clinical note임상 주석
消渴, wasting thirst, is diabetes mellitus in the great majority of cases, and the one thing to say is that it is diagnosed on fasting glucose, HbA1c or an oral glucose tolerance test and managed with metformin and the rest of the modern armamentarium. A mucilaginous water plant does not treat it. 解百藥毒 is not a real antidotal action.
譯 1.36.2 Source원문
生水澤中, 處處有之. 三四月至七八月通名絲蓴, 味甜體軟. 霜降至十二月名塊蓴, 味苦體澁. 取以爲羹, 猶勝雜菜.
Translation영역
It grows in watery marshes and is found everywhere. From the third and fourth months to the seventh and eighth it is generally called thread-shield, sweet in flavour and soft in body; from the frosts' descent to the twelfth month it is called lump-shield, bitter in flavour and rough in body. Taken and made into a broth it is better than ordinary greens.
Clinical note임상 주석
**This passage is the book naming its own drug, and it is why this section and the materia medica's sasun 絲蓴 are the same plant.** 絲蓴 is the spring and summer growth, sweet and soft; 塊蓴 is the frost-hardened autumn growth, bitter and rough. Water shield (Brasenia schreberi, 순채) is the glutinous-leaved floating plant still eaten in Japan as junsai; in Korea it is now nearly extinct in the wild and legally protected, which is a modern reason not to gather it.
As a water plant eaten from standing water it carries the Fasciolopsis buski caution set out at 1.35.1 above; the broth the passage recommends removes it.
譯 1.36.3 Source원문
雖冷而補, 熱食則壅氣不下, 甚損人. 不可多食久食. 《本草》
Translation영역
Cold though it is, it supplements; but eaten hot it blocks the qi so that it will not descend, and greatly injures a person. It ought not be eaten in quantity or over long periods.
Clinical note임상 주석
熱食則壅氣不下甚損人 is the book's own prohibition on its own drug, and it is the sort of line §9 of this project's rules asks to be kept intact: a cold-natured mucilaginous plant eaten hot is held to obstruct. No modern mechanism corresponds, but the restriction is the author's and is printed as his.
1.37 Water Pepper Seed 蓼實
엿귀ᄡᅵ 여뀌 씨 yeokkwi seed
`엿귀ᄡᅵ` 는 `엿귀`(여뀌) + `ᄡᅵ`(씨)의 짜임이다. `엿귀 → 여뀌` 는 ㅅ 이 뒤 음절의 된소리로 넘어간 꼴이고(`엿귀 > 여ᄭᅮㅣ > 여뀌`), `ᄡᅵ → 씨` 는 이 편에 거듭 나오는 길이다. 둘 다 또렷하게 이어지므로 `여뀌 씨` 로 적었다. 1.26 `파흰믿`, 1.51 `남긔도 ᄃᆞᆫ버슷` 과 함께 뜻풀이에 가까운 꼴이다 — 표제어 `蓼實` 이 「여뀌의 씨」이므로 향명이 표제어를 그대로 번역한 자리다.
譯 1.37.1 Source원문
性冷, 味辛, 無毒. 歸鼻, 除腎氣, 明目, 下水氣, 療癕瘍, 通五蔵壅氣.
Translation영역
Its nature is chilly, its flavour acrid, and it is without toxicity. It homes to the nose, eliminates kidney qi, brightens the eyes, brings down water qi, treats abscesses and ulcers, and frees blocked qi in the five viscera.
Clinical note임상 주석
歸鼻 is the 歸 + organ idiom that recurs through this half-chapter (葱白 歸目 in the first printing, 韭菜 歸心, 小蒜 歸脾腎, 薤菜 歸於骨, and the leaf below 歸舌). It is a flavour-affinity statement, not a route of administration.
Neither 蓼實 nor 蓼 appears in this site's formulary and neither is in the materia medica, so no herb link is recorded. Water pepper (Persicaria hydropiper and relatives) is an acrid marsh herb used as a condiment; the fresh plant's sap is a mucosal and skin irritant, which is the plain basis of 歸鼻 and of its use as a pungent. Nothing in the entry is dangerous, and 療癕瘍 — an abscess — is the one place to say that a collection of pus needs drainage and, if there is surrounding cellulitis or systemic upset, an antibiotic.
譯 1.37.2 Source원문
蓼水草也, 多生水澤中. 有紫蓼赤蓼青蓼香蓼馬蓼水蓼木蓼等七種, 惟紫蓼香蓼青蓼爲人所食, 葉俱小狹.
Translation영역
Water pepper is a water plant and grows mostly in watery marshes. There are seven kinds — purple, red, green, fragrant, horse, water and tree water-pepper — and only the purple, the fragrant and the green are eaten by people; the leaves of all of them are small and narrow.
Clinical note임상 주석
Seven named kinds of which three are eaten is one of the chapter's better pieces of folk taxonomy, and the genus (Persicaria, formerly Polygonum) really does split into a dozen similar marsh species with differing acridity. The caution that attaches to the group is the same one as at 水芹: these are wet-ground plants gathered from the wild, and the sorting rule given here — small narrow leaves — does not separate them from anything dangerous.
譯 1.37.3 Translation영역
Eaten in quantity it brings up water, damages the yang qi and sets off heart pain.
Clinical note임상 주석
多食吐水 is the book recording an emetic effect from its own condiment, and it is consistent with the plant's acrid irritant sap. 發心痛 is the Bogam's epigastric-or-cardiac pain again; the modern caution stated at 1.26.4 applies.
譯 1.37.4 Translation영역
The flowers of all the water peppers are red and white, and their seeds all red-black.
譯 1.37.5 Source원문
春初取蓼實, 以葫蘆盛水浸濕, 高掛於火上, 晝夜使煖, 遂生紅芽, 取以爲蔬, 以備五辛盤. 《本草》
Translation영역
In early spring the water-pepper seed is taken, put in a gourd with water to soak and moisten it, and hung high above a fire so that it is kept warm day and night; it then puts out red sprouts, which are taken as a vegetable to make up the plate of five pungent herbs.
Clinical note임상 주석
**This is a sprouting method, written out in full, and it is the most practically interesting passage in the section.** Seed soaked in a water-filled gourd and kept warm above the hearth for a day and a night until it germinates, the red sprouts picked for the 五辛盤 eaten at the New Year — this is forced sprouting for winter greens, four centuries before the technique had a name. It is reproducible as written.
One modern note, since the method is reproducible: warm wet seed sprouting is also how Salmonella, Listeria and Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli are amplified, and raw sprouts are a recognised vehicle in foodborne outbreaks worldwide. Anyone trying this should use clean seed and clean water and should not keep the sprouts warm and wet beyond the germination.
1.37.1 Water Pepper Leaf 葉
譯 1.37.1.1 Source원문
歸舌, 除大小腸邪氣, 利中益志. 《本草》
Translation영역
It homes to the tongue, eliminates evil qi from the large and small intestines, and benefits the centre and boosts the will.
Clinical note임상 주석
歸舌, homing to the tongue, is the acrid sap again, and it is the most literal of the chapter's 歸 statements: water pepper leaf is the Japanese condiment benitade and what it does on contact with the tongue is exactly what the phrase describes. The part_of field is left empty because the parent headword 蓼實 has no entry in the materia medica; the page template finds the parent by number.
1.38 Coriander 胡荽
`고ᄉᆡ` 는 지금 `고수` 다 (`ᄉᆡ → 새 → 수`; 1.28 `부ᄎᆡ → 부추` 와 똑같은 길이고, 두 자리가 서로를 받쳐 준다). `고수` 는 지금도 _Coriandrum sativum_ 의 표준어다.
**`rom` 을 `Hosu` 로 적은 데 대한 적바림:** `荽` 의 한자음은 전통적으로 `유` 이므로 `胡荽` 는 `호유` 로 읽는 것이 옳고, `herbs.yaml` 의 이 약재도 `ko: 호유` 로 적혀 있다. 그런데 **같은 기록의 `rom` 은 `Hosu`** 이고 id 도 `hosu` 다. 집안 표기를 따르라는 프로젝트 규칙에 따라 `Hosu` 로 맞추었고, 표 안쪽의 어긋남(`ko` 호유 / `rom` Hosu)은 보고에 적었다.
譯 1.38.1 Source원문
性温一云平, 味辛, 微毒. 消糓, 通小腸氣, 通心竅, 療沙疹豌豆瘡不出.
Translation영역
Its nature is warm one says balanced, its flavour acrid, and it is slightly toxic. It disperses grain, frees the qi of the small intestine, frees the orifices of the heart, and treats measles and pea-pox that will not come out.
Clinical note임상 주석
沙疹 and 豌豆瘡 are measles and smallpox, and 不出 — the eruption that will not come out — is the tradition's reading of a severe case: the rash failing to appear was taken as the disease driven inward. Coriander was one of the standard drugs for bringing it out, and this site's formulary carries a 胡荽酒 (coriander wine, sprayed on the body) in the smallpox chapter for exactly that.
**Both diseases need stating plainly.** Smallpox has been eradicated since 1980 and no longer occurs. **Measles has not**, it is highly contagious, and it kills: pneumonia, laryngotracheobronchitis and encephalitis are the acute complications, and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis follows years later. It is prevented by the MMR vaccine, which is why case numbers track vaccination coverage, and its treatment is supportive, with vitamin A supplementation shown to reduce mortality in children. Nothing is gained by trying to bring out a rash, and the delay in recognising measles pneumonia is what causes harm.
微毒 on coriander is not supportable at food doses; the leaf and seed are eaten in quantity worldwide. Coriander is, however, a recognised cause of IgE-mediated food allergy and of occupational and photo-contact dermatitis in Apiaceae-sensitive people, and that is the real modern caution.
譯 1.38.2 Source원문
生園圃中, 人多生食. 亦是葷菜, 久食損人精神, 令多忘, 發腋臭.
Translation영역
It grows in garden plots and people mostly eat it raw. It too is a rank vegetable: eaten over long periods it damages the essence-spirit, makes a person forgetful, and brings out underarm odour.
Clinical note임상 주석
令多忘, 發腋臭 — forgetfulness and body odour — belongs with the Daoist objections to the rank vegetables collected through this half-chapter, and it has no modern footing. It is worth keeping because the perception of coriander as unpleasant is itself a real and now-explained phenomenon: variation at the OR6A2 olfactory receptor locus accounts for a substantial part of why some people taste coriander leaf as soapy, which is the nearest thing this passage has to a factual basis.
譯 1.38.3 Source원문
北方人避石勒諱胡, 號爲香荽. 《本草》
Translation영역
People of the north, avoiding Shi Le's taboo on the word ho, called it fragrant coriander instead.
Clinical note임상 주석
A name-taboo note: Shi Le, the fourth-century founder of the Later Zhao and himself of Jie descent, is said to have forbidden the word 胡, so 胡荽 was renamed 香荽. The same story is told two sections below at 羅勒, which was renamed 蘭香 for the same reason — two entries in this chapter preserving the same piece of nomenclatural history, which is why the 羅勒 note cross-refers here.
1.38.1 Coriander Seed 子
譯 1.38.1.1 Source원문
主小兒禿瘡, 及五痔, 療食肉中毒下血, 能發瘡疹不出. 《本草》
Translation영역
It governs bald scalp sores in children and the five kinds of piles, treats poisoning from eating flesh with bleeding below, and is able to bring out sores and rashes that will not appear.
Clinical note임상 주석
小兒禿瘡, bald sores in a child, is tinea capitis. **It is a dermatophyte infection and it needs systemic antifungal treatment** — topical agents do not penetrate the hair follicle — with griseofulvin or terbinafine for several weeks depending on the organism, together with treatment of household contacts and of any fomites. Untreated, it scars and causes permanent alopecia; a boggy, tender, pustular plaque (kerion) is the inflammatory form and is often misdiagnosed as a bacterial abscess.
五痔: rectal bleeding is never to be assumed haemorrhoidal. Over the age of about 40, and younger with a family history or alarm features, it needs colonoscopy; colorectal cancer presents this way.
食肉中毒下血 is food poisoning with bloody diarrhoea, which in modern terms means Campylobacter, Shigella, invasive Salmonella or Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli. The last of these matters most: in a child with bloody diarrhoea, haemolytic uraemic syndrome is the complication to watch for, and antibiotics and antimotility agents are contraindicated because they raise that risk. The treatment is fluid and careful observation.
1.39 Basil 羅勒
譯 1.39.1 Source원문
性温, 味辛, 微毒. 調中, 消食, 去惡氣, 宜生食之, 然不可多食.
Translation영역
Its nature is warm, its flavour acrid, and it is slightly toxic. It harmonises the centre, disperses food and dispels malign qi; it is best eaten raw, but ought not be eaten in quantity.
Clinical note임상 주석
**This is one of only two sections in this half of the chapter with no Korean gloss at all** (the other is 松耳, 1.52), and the absence is informative: basil was a Chinese 本草 name that had no Korean vernacular name attached to it in 1613, which fits a plant that was not grown here. Neither 羅勒 nor any basil name appears in this site's formulary and none is in the materia medica, so no herb link is recorded.
Basil (Ocimum basilicum) is a food herb and 微毒 does not apply at culinary doses. The one modern caveat concerns the essential oil rather than the leaf: basil oil of the methyl-chavicol and estragole chemotypes contains estragole, which is genotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic in rodents, and the European Medicines Agency restricts estragole-containing herbal preparations accordingly. Eating the leaf is not the issue; taking the concentrated oil is.
譯 1.39.2 Source원문
北方號爲蘭香, 爲石勒諱也. 《本草》
Translation영역
In the north they call it orchid-fragrance, on account of Shi Le's taboo.
Clinical note임상 주석
The second of the chapter's two Shi Le taboo notes, the first being at 胡荽 (1.38) two sections above. The 本草 is compressed here to the point of obscurity — the taboo was on the word 胡, and basil's older name was 胡王使者 — so the sentence only makes sense read against the coriander entry. The pair is worth keeping together: two plants in one chapter whose names were changed by the same fourth-century decree.
1.39.1 Basil Seed 子
譯 1.39.1.1 Source원문
主目瞖及諸物入目不出. 取三五顆置目中, 少頃當濕脹, 與物俱出. 《本草》
Translation영역
It governs eye screens and foreign bodies in the eye that will not come out. Three or five grains are taken and placed in the eye; after a little while they swell with moisture and come out together with the thing.
Clinical note임상 주석
**This is a real mechanism, and it is also a method that must not be used.** Basil seed has a mucilaginous testa that swells many times its volume in water within minutes — it is the same property that makes tukmaria or sabja drinks gel — so a seed placed in the conjunctival sac genuinely would swell and, in swelling, could carry a loose particle out with it. The reasoning is sound and the observation is honest.
It is nevertheless dangerous. A foreign body in the eye is managed by irrigation and by removal under slit-lamp examination after topical anaesthesia and fluorescein staining; the questions that decide management are whether the globe is perforated and whether the particle is metallic, vegetable or organic, because an embedded organic fragment carries a high risk of fungal keratitis. **Putting further vegetable matter into an injured eye adds a second foreign body, adds a fungal inoculum, and risks abrading the cornea as the seed swells against it.** A high-velocity injury, a visible laceration, an irregular pupil or any loss of vision is an ophthalmic emergency. 目瞖, the eye screen, is corneal opacity or cataract, which is surgical.
1.40 Perilla Seed (Wild Sesame) 荏子
들ᄞᅢ 들깨 deulkkae
`들ᄞᅢ` 는 지금 `들깨` 다 (`ᄞᅢ → 깨`; ㄱ+ㄸ 합용병서가 된소리 ㄲ 으로 간 꼴). **이 향명에 교감줄이 붙는다** — 034a 발의 유일한 줄이 `ᄞᅢ : ᄢᅢ(초간본)` 이고, 그 잎에서 `ᄞᅢ` 는 이 향명에 한 번만 나온다. 곧 初刊本은 `들ᄢᅢ` 로 적는다. 16세기 합용병서 `ᄞ`(ㄱ+ㄸ)과 `ᄢ`(ㅂ+ㄸ)의 흔들림이 한 낱말에서 드러나는 자리이고, 국어사 쪽에서 이 묶음의 가장 값있는 교감줄이다. 전사본의 `들ᄞᅢ` 를 싣고 初刊本의 읽기를 여기에 적어 둔다.
**들깨는 1.31 紫蘓(차조기)와 같은 종의 다른 품종이다** — _Perilla frutescens_ var. _frutescens_ 대 var. _crispa_ — 이 문이 둘을 아홉 절 떨어진 자리에 따로 세웠고, 쓰임도 다르다(기름을 짠다). 두 절을 섞지 말 것.
譯 1.40.1 Source원문
性温, 味辛, 無毒. 下氣, 止嗽, 止渴, 潤肺, 補中, 填精髓.
Translation영역
Its nature is warm, its flavour acrid, and it is without toxicity. It brings down qi, checks coughing, checks thirst, moistens the lung, supplements the centre and fills the essence-marrow.
Clinical note임상 주석
This is the oilseed perilla, 들깨, and the indications overlap heavily with 1.31.1 蘇子 — descending, cough-checking, lung-moistening — which is what one expects of two varieties of one species. Neither 荏子 nor any 들깨 name appears in this site's formulary and neither is in the materia medica, so no herb link is recorded; the drug that carries these formulas is 蘇子.
Perilla seed oil is one of the richest plant sources of alpha-linolenic acid (about 55–65 per cent), and the one real modern caution is about the oil rather than the seed: it oxidises fast and should be kept cold and used fresh, since oxidised polyunsaturated oil is both unpalatable and a source of reactive aldehydes. Perilla is also a documented food allergen in Korea, with reported anaphylaxis to the seed and leaf, and an occupational allergen in growers.
譯 1.40.2 Source원문
人多種之, 取子硏之, 雜米作糜食之, 甚肥美, 下氣, 補益人.
Translation영역
People plant it widely; the seed is taken and ground, mixed with rice and made into a gruel, and eaten — it is very rich and good, brings down qi and supplements a person.
Clinical note임상 주석
들깨 ground into rice gruel is 들깨죽, which is still made in Korea exactly as described. This is the chapter at its most useful: a recipe that has not changed in four hundred years.
譯 1.40.3 Source원문
笮取油, 日煎之, 卽今油帛及和漆所用者.
Translation영역
The oil is pressed out and boiled in the sun, and this is what is used nowadays for oiled cloth and for mixing with lacquer.
Clinical note임상 주석
**This passage records an industrial rather than a medical use, and it is technically exact.** Perilla oil is a drying oil — its very high alpha-linolenic acid content means it polymerises on exposure to air — which is why it was used for oiled cloth (油帛, oilcloth and oiled paper) and as a lacquer vehicle. 日煎之, boiling or heating it in the sun, is the thickening or bodying of a drying oil, the same operation as stand-oil preparation in European painting. One modern hazard belongs to it: rags soaked in a drying oil generate heat as the oil polymerises and are a genuine spontaneous-combustion risk.
譯 1.40.4 Source원문
荏子欲熟, 採其角食之, 甚香美속소리. 《本草》
Translation영역
When the perilla seed is about to ripen, its pods are gathered and eaten, and they are very fragrant and good 속소리.
Clinical note임상 주석
採其角, gathering the pods — the green seed-heads of 들깨 — is still done in Korea: 들깨송이 is battered and fried as 부각 or pickled, and the passage is describing a food that is on the table now.
1.40.1 Perilla Leaf (Wild Sesame Leaf) 葉
譯 1.40.1.1 Source원문
調中, 去臭氣, 治上氣咳嗽, 搗付諸蟲咬, 男子隂腫. 《本草》
Translation영역
It harmonises the centre, dispels foul qi, and treats qi rising with cough; pounded, it is applied to bites from insects of all kinds and to swelling of a man's genitals.
Clinical note임상 주석
This is the 깻잎 of the Korean table, the broad leaf of oilseed perilla, and it is distinct from the 차조기 leaf of 1.31 even though the materia medica's 紫蘇葉 and 蘇葉 entries are the ones the formulary uses. The part_of field is left empty because the parent headword 荏子 has no entry in the materia medica.
男子隂腫, swelling of a man's genitals, is the indication to flag. Acute scrotal swelling with pain is a surgical emergency until testicular torsion is excluded — the testis is salvageable for roughly six hours — and the differential also holds epididymo-orchitis, incarcerated hernia and, in the painless case, testicular tumour. A poultice is not a response to it.
1.41 Black Nightshade 龍葵
가마종이 까마중 kkamajung
`가마종이` 는 지금 `까마중` 이다 (`가마 → 까마`, 어두 경음화; `종이 → 중`, 접미 `-이` 가 떨어진 꼴). **이 향명에 교감줄이 붙는다** — 034b 발의 첫 줄이 `종 : 조(초간본)` 이고, 그 잎에서 `종` 은 이 향명 `가마종이` 에 한 번만 나온다. 곧 初刊本은 `가마조이` 로 적는다. 1.31 紫蘓의 `조 : 소` 와 함께, 이 묶음의 향명 교감줄 넷 가운데 둘이 ㅈ 계열 자음의 흔들림을 보여 준다. 전사본의 `가마종이` 를 싣고 初刊本의 읽기를 여기에 적어 둔다.
譯 1.41.1 Source원문
性寒, 味苦, 無毒. 解勞少睡, 去熱腫.
Translation영역
Its nature is cold, its flavour bitter, and it is without toxicity. It relieves taxation and reduces sleep, and dispels heat swellings.
Clinical note임상 주석
**無毒 is the one line in this section that a modern reader has to set aside.** Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum, 까마중) contains the steroidal glycoalkaloids solanine and solasonine, concentrated in the **unripe green berries and in the leaves**; the ripe black berries are far lower and are eaten in many countries, which is why the plant has both a food literature and a poisoning literature.
Glycoalkaloid poisoning begins with burning in the mouth and throat and then vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhoea, and in significant ingestions goes on to the anticholinergic-looking picture of mydriasis, tachycardia, confusion and, rarely, respiratory depression and death. **Children are the usual victims and the usual vehicle is a handful of green berries**, which look to a child exactly like something to eat. Management is supportive — fluid, antiemetics, observation — and there is no antidote. Any child who has eaten green nightshade berries should be assessed.
The plant is also sold and used as a herbal anticancer remedy, and reports of hepatotoxicity exist; neither 無毒 nor those claims should be relied on. Neither 龍葵 nor 龍葵子 appears in this site's formulary and neither is in the materia medica, so no herb link is recorded.
譯 1.41.2 Source원문
處處有之, 葉圎花白, 子若牛李子, 生青熟黑. 但堪煑食, 不宜生啖. 《本草》
Translation영역
It is found everywhere; the leaf is round and the flower white, and the fruit is like the buckthorn's, green when unripe and black when ripe. It will only do cooked, and ought not be eaten raw.
Clinical note임상 주석
**生青熟黑 … 但堪煑食不宜生啖 is the book getting it right, and it is the single most valuable sentence in the section.** The text notes that the berry is green unripe and black ripe, and then forbids eating it raw — which is precisely the correct precaution, because the glycoalkaloid burden is in the green fruit and in the raw plant, and boiling leaches a substantial part of it from the leaves. Korean practice follows the same rule: the greens are blanched before use and only fully black berries are eaten.
The identification 子若牛李子, the fruit like the buckthorn's, is a useful comparison and 葉圎花白 is accurate for S. nigrum. Where the book is silent is on the leaf: it does not say that the leaves carry glycoalkaloid too, and the modern caution has to add it.
1.41.1 Black Nightshade Fruit 子
譯 1.41.1.1 Translation영역
It governs nail-head boils; it is ground and applied.
Clinical note임상 주석
丁腫 (elsewhere 疔) is the nail-head boil, a deep furuncle — in modern terms a staphylococcal skin and soft-tissue infection. The sections of the Bogam that deal with it reserve particular fear for the furuncle on the face, and rightly: infection in the central face can spread through the valveless facial veins to the cavernous sinus, and cavernous sinus thrombosis is still a disease with substantial mortality. **A boil is managed by incision and drainage once it points, with an antistaphylococcal antibiotic where there is cellulitis, fever or a facial site; squeezing it is contraindicated.** A poultice ground from nightshade berries is at best irrelevant and at worst, given that it is the toxic part of a toxic plant applied to broken skin, an avoidable exposure.
The part_of field is left empty because the parent headword 龍葵 has no entry in the materia medica.
1.42 Bracken 蕨菜
`고사리` 는 16세기 꼴과 현대 표준어가 글자까지 같다. 약재표에 `gwol 蕨` 이 있으나 표제어 한자가 `蕨菜` 이고 별칭표에 그 꼴이 없어 고리를 비웠다 — 짝(`蕨菜 = gwol`)은 보고에 적었다.
譯 1.42.1 Source원문
性寒滑, 味甘. 去曝熱, 利水道.
Translation영역
Its nature is cold and slippery and its flavour sweet. It dispels sudden heat and benefits the waterways.
Clinical note임상 주석
**Bracken is the one food plant in this chapter with a demonstrated carcinogen in it, and the modern note has to be exact about what is known and what is not.** The compound is ptaquiloside, an unstable norsesquiterpene glucoside in the fronds, highest in the young unopened croziers — which is precisely the part that is eaten. Ptaquiloside is a DNA-alkylating agent; it causes bladder tumours and intestinal carcinoma in cattle grazing bracken (bovine enzootic haematuria is a well-characterised field disease) and tumours in rodent feeding studies. The International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies bracken fern as **Group 2B, possibly carcinogenic to humans**, and the human epidemiology — associations with oesophageal and gastric cancer in bracken-eating populations in Japan, Korea, Wales and Costa Rica — is suggestive but confounded. Ptaquiloside also passes into milk from grazing cattle and leaches into groundwater from bracken stands.
**The Korean traditional processing is a real risk-reduction step and deserves to be said so.** Ptaquiloside is water-soluble and heat- and alkali-labile: parboiling, repeated soaking in changed water, drying, and re-soaking before the final cooking — which is exactly what 삶아 말린 고사리 goes through before it reaches a 나물 or a 비빔밥 — removes most of it, and adding wood-ash or baking soda to the blanching water removes more. It does not remove all of it. So the honest statement is: traditionally processed bracken carries much less ptaquiloside than the raw crozier, enough less that occasional eating is a small risk, and nobody should eat raw or lightly cooked fiddleheads.
One further point belongs here. Bracken also contains thiaminase, which destroys thiamine; this causes bracken staggers in horses and is a reason not to make bracken a dietary staple. Blanching inactivates it.
譯 1.42.2 Source원문
處處有之, 生山坡原野中. 人多採取煑食之, 味甚好. 然不可久食, 消陽氣, 令脚弱不能行, 眼暗腹脹. 《本草》
Translation영역
It is found everywhere, growing on mountain slopes and in open country. People mostly gather it and cook and eat it, and the flavour is very good. But it ought not be eaten over long periods, for it wears away the yang qi and makes the legs weak so that one cannot walk, the eyes dim and the belly distended.
Clinical note임상 주석
**This is the most striking passage in the half-chapter, because the book forbids long-term eating of bracken and gives three signs, and all three have a modern reading.** 令脚弱不能行, legs too weak to walk, and 眼暗, dimmed vision, are what thiamine deficiency looks like: dry beriberi is a peripheral polyneuropathy beginning in the legs, and optic neuropathy belongs to the same deficiency state. Bracken contains thiaminase. The classical description of bracken staggers in horses is ataxia and hindlimb weakness from thiamine destruction, and it is the same mechanism.
This does not make the Bogam a toxicology text — 消陽氣 is its own explanation and has nothing to do with vitamins — but it does mean that **the prohibition is empirically earned.** Somebody noticed that people who lived on bracken went weak in the legs. That the modern reason is thiaminase, and that the carcinogen nobody could have seen is in the same plant, is the kind of convergence worth recording rather than smoothing over. 久食 is the operative word: the book does not forbid bracken, it forbids living on it.
1.42.1 Royal Fern 薇
`회초미` 는 16세기 꼴이 지금 말에 그대로 남아 있는 낱말이다 — 그래서 `hyangmyeong_mod` 를 채웠다. 다만 **지금 가리키는 식물이 같은지는 못 가린다.** 현대 우리말에서 `회초미` 는 흔히 관중(貫衆, _Dryopteris crassirhizoma_)을 가리키고, 고비(_Osmunda japonica_)를 가리키는 자리도 있다. 책은 `薇亦蕨類生處亦同`(薇 또한 고사리 붙이고 나는 자리도 같다)이라 하여 고사리 아래 잎으로 달아 두었으므로, 고비 쪽이 책의 뜻에 맞는다. 낱말은 이어지되 지칭이 흔들리는 자리이므로 여기에 적어 두고 한쪽으로 못 박지 않는다. 교감줄 `회 ; 외(초간본)` 은 **草部의 것이고 이 절의 것이 아니다**(지침 §5.2 가 세미콜론 꼴의 보기로 든 그 줄이다).
譯 1.42.1.1 Source원문
性寒, 味甘, 無毒. 調中, 潤大小腸, 通利水道, 下浮腫.
Translation영역
Its nature is cold, its flavour sweet, and it is without toxicity. It harmonises the centre, moistens the large and small intestines, frees and benefits the waterways, and brings down puffy swelling.
譯 1.42.1.2 Source원문
薇亦蕨類, 生處亦同. 《入門》
Translation영역
Mi too is of the bracken kind, and the places it grows are the same.
Clinical note임상 주석
薇 is 고비 (Osmunda japonica), the other great Korean mountain fern, gathered and dried alongside bracken and used in the same dishes — it is the second fern in a 나물 platter and in 비빔밥. The book files it as a leaf of bracken and says why: same family, same ground.
**On toxicity the honest position is that 고비 is less studied than bracken and should be treated with the same caution.** Ptaquiloside is a Pteridium compound and Osmunda is a different family, so the bracken carcinogen is not simply assumed to be here; but other ferns carry their own illudane-type glycosides and thiaminase activity, and the traditional processing — parboil, dry, re-soak, cook — is applied to 고비 exactly as to 고사리 and should continue to be. Raw fiddleheads of any species should not be eaten; Matteuccia fiddleheads have caused outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis when undercooked.
No herb link is recorded: 薇 is not in the materia medica, and the twenty-one occurrences of the graph 薇 in this site's formulary are all 白薇 or 薔薇, two unrelated drugs — a reminder that character overlap is not evidence of identity.
1.43 Medick 苜蓿
거여목 거여목 geoyeomok
`거여목` 은 16세기 꼴과 현대 표준어가 글자까지 같다. 지금도 _Medicago polymorpha_ 붙이의 우리말 이름이다.
譯 1.43.1 Source원문
莖葉性平, 根性凉, 味苦, 無毒. 安中, 利五蔵, 去脾胃間邪氣, 諸惡熱毒, 利大小腸, 療黄疸.
Translation영역
The stem and leaf are balanced in nature, the root cool; the flavour is bitter and it is without toxicity. It quiets the centre, benefits the five viscera, dispels evil qi from between the spleen and stomach and malign heat toxins of every kind, benefits the large and small intestines, and treats jaundice.
Clinical note임상 주석
莖葉性平根性凉 is worth noticing as a formal matter: the Bogam does not keep a 性味 field, it keeps whatever the source said, and here the source gives two natures for two parts of one plant in one clause. That is the reason this project records no 性味 column.
Medick or burclover (Medicago polymorpha, and in the Chinese tradition also alfalfa, M. sativa) is a fodder legume eaten as a spring green. The modern cautions are specific and real. Alfalfa contains **L-canavanine**, an arginine analogue, and alfalfa sprouts and seed have been associated with the induction and reactivation of systemic lupus erythematosus in humans and with a lupus-like syndrome in monkeys; people with lupus or a family history of it are advised against alfalfa supplements. Alfalfa and medick are also rich in **vitamin K**, which antagonises warfarin and will lower the INR of a patient on it. And alfalfa sprouts are a repeatedly documented vehicle for Salmonella and E. coli outbreaks, because the sprouting conditions amplify any contamination on the seed.
療黄疸: see the note at 水芹 (1.35). Jaundice is a sign requiring a cause.
譯 1.43.2 Source원문
處處有之, 生田野濕地. 人多採取, 煑和醬食之, 生食亦可, 但多食則瘦人. 《本草》
Translation영역
It is found everywhere, growing in damp ground in the fields. People mostly gather it, cook it and dress it with soy paste and eat it, and it may be eaten raw too; but eaten in quantity it makes a person thin.
Clinical note임상 주석
煑和醬食之 — boiled and dressed with 장 — is a 나물 recipe, and it is the preparation that also disposes of the raw-sprout hazard noted above. 多食則瘦人 is the book's own limit on the plant and should be kept.
1.44 Mioga Ginger 蘘荷
양하 양하 yangha
`양하` 는 고유어가 아니라 한자 `蘘荷` 의 소리이고, 16세기 꼴과 현대 표준어가 같다. 지금도 _Zingiber mioga_ 의 표준 우리말 이름이고, 제주와 남부에서 재배ㆍ식용한다 — 본문의 `我國南方有之人多種食≪俗方≫` 이 그 사실을 1613년에 적어 둔 자리다.
譯 1.44.1 Source원문
性微温, 味辛, 有小毒. 主中蠱及瘧.
Translation영역
Its nature is slightly warm, its flavour acrid, and it has slight toxicity. It governs being struck by gu and malaria.
Clinical note임상 주석
**瘧, malaria, is the indication to be unambiguous about.** Malaria is diagnosed on a thick and thin blood film or a rapid diagnostic test and treated with artemisinin-based combination therapy, with intravenous artesunate for severe disease; Plasmodium falciparum malaria can kill within a day of the first rigor, and the deaths are in people whose diagnosis was delayed. Any fever in someone who has been in an endemic area is a malaria film. Korea has indigenous P. vivax transmission in the northern border areas and it is relapsing, so primaquine or tafenoquine radical cure matters too.
中蠱, being struck by gu, is not a modern diagnosis; it covers a group of poisoning and bewitchment syndromes.
Mioga ginger (Zingiber mioga, 양하) is a food — the flower buds and shoots are pickled and eaten in Japan and on Jeju — and 有小毒 does not apply at food doses. Neither 蘘荷 nor 嘉草 appears in this site's formulary and neither is in the materia medica, so no herb link is recorded.
譯 1.44.2 Source원문
葉似甘蕉, 根如薑而肥, 其根莖堪爲葅. 有赤白二種, 赤者堪啖, 白者入藥.
Translation영역
The leaf resembles the banana's and the root is like ginger but fatter; its root and stem will do for pickling. There are two kinds, red and white: the red is good to eat and the white goes into medicine.
Clinical note임상 주석
葉似甘蕉 — the leaf like a banana's — is a good description of a Zingiber, and 根如薑而肥 names the genus by its rhizome. 赤者堪啖白者入藥, the red eaten and the white dosed, is a real cultivar distinction in mioga.
譯 1.44.3 Source원문
周禮以嘉草除蠱毒, 嘉草卽蘘荷也. 《本草》
Translation영역
The Rites of Zhou dispels gu toxin with the auspicious herb, and the auspicious herb is mioga ginger.
譯 1.44.4 Source원문
我國南方有之, 人多種食. 《俗方》
Translation영역
In our country it is found in the southern provinces, and people plant it and eat it a great deal.
Clinical note임상 주석
One of the chapter's most durable Korean notices. Mioga is still a southern crop in Korea, grown and eaten chiefly on Jeju, and 1613 is an early date at which to find it recorded as a cultivated Korean vegetable rather than a Chinese 本草 name.
1.45 Fish Mint 蕺菜
멸 myeol
**`hyangmyeong_mod` 를 비웠다. 까닭을 적어 둔다.** 전사본의 향명은 한 음절 `멸` 뿐이고, 소리로는 지금도 `멸` 이지만 **현대 한국어에 이 식물을 가리키는 `멸` 이라는 낱말이 없다.** 지금 이 식물은 `약모밀` 또는 `어성초(魚腥草)`ㆍ`즙채` 로 부른다. `약모밀` 의 `모밀`(메밀)은 잎 꼴에서 온 것이므로 `멸` 과 바로 이어지는 꼴로 보기 어렵고, 한 음절에서 어원을 세우는 것은 지어내는 일이 된다. 그래서 비우고 지금 이름은 여기에 적어 둔다.
譯 1.45.1 Source원문
性微温, 味辛, 有毒. 主蠼螋尿瘡.
Translation영역
Its nature is slightly warm, its flavour acrid, and it is toxic. It governs the earwig-urine sore.
Clinical note임상 주석
蠼螋尿瘡, the earwig-urine sore, is a pre-modern name for a blistering linear dermatitis attributed to an insect having crawled over the skin. The modern counterpart is almost certainly **Paederus dermatitis**, caused by the haemolymph of rove beetles, which contains pederin, a potent vesicant; the lesion is a linear or kissing blister appearing a day after contact. It is also the picture of herpes zoster in its dermatomal form and of phytophotodermatitis. Management is washing off the toxin, a cool compress and a topical corticosteroid; the beetle must be brushed off and never crushed on the skin.
**The modern caution on this plant is specific and it is worth stating because it is widely misunderstood.** Fish mint (Houttuynia cordata, 약모밀 or 어성초) is eaten as a herb across East and South-East Asia and taken as a tea in Korea, and at those doses the safety record is unremarkable. **The injectable preparation is a different matter**: the Houttuynia injection used in China was associated with anaphylaxis and anaphylactic deaths and was suspended and then restricted by the Chinese drug regulator in 2006. Those reports belong to intravenous administration and do not transfer to the tea, but they do mean the plant is capable of provoking severe immediate hypersensitivity in susceptible people. Neither 蕺菜 nor 魚腥草 appears in this site's formulary and neither is in the materia medica, so no herb link is recorded.
譯 1.45.2 Source원문
處處有之, 生山中及田野間. 人好生食, 然久食損陽氣. 《本草》
Translation영역
It is found everywhere, growing in the mountains and among the fields. People like to eat it raw, but eaten over long periods it damages the yang qi.
Clinical note임상 주석
人好生食然久食損陽氣 is the chapter's recurring shape — a food that is liked and a prohibition on living on it — and it joins 大蒜, 韭菜, 胡荽, 芸薹 and 蕨菜 in this half of the chapter. Houttuynia's smell is the reason for its Korean and Chinese names (어성초, fish-smell herb) and comes from decanal and other aliphatic aldehydes in the leaf.
1.46 Rape 芸薹
평지 평지 pyeongji
`평지` 는 16세기 꼴과 현대 표준어가 글자까지 같고, 지금도 _Brassica napus_ 의 표준 우리말 이름이다 (`유채` 와 함께 쓰인다).
譯 1.46.1 Source원문
性温一云凉, 味辛, 無毒. 主逰風丹腫, 乳癕, 破癥結瘀血.
Translation영역
Its nature is warm one says cool, its flavour acrid, and it is without toxicity. It governs wandering wind with cinnabar swelling and breast abscess, and breaks concretion-binds and static blood.
Clinical note임상 주석
丹腫 is erysipelas or cellulitis — a hot, sharply demarcated, spreading red plaque — and it is a **bacterial infection requiring antibiotics**; penicillin or flucloxacillin depending on the organism, with admission for systemic upset, and urgent surgical review if the pain is out of proportion to the appearance, since that is the presentation of necrotising fasciitis.
乳癕, breast abscess, is the other indication that must not be left where the book leaves it. Lactational mastitis needs continued milk drainage and an antistaphylococcal antibiotic; an established abscess needs ultrasound-guided aspiration or incision and drainage. And **a breast lump or an inflamed breast that does not settle on antibiotics is inflammatory breast carcinoma until proved otherwise** and needs imaging and biopsy.
Rape (Brassica napus, 평지 or 유채) is a food and oilseed crop. No herb link is recorded: 芸薹 is not in the materia medica. It is however used once in this site's formulary — 煮芸薹汁, boiled rape liquor, as one of a series of washes in a 本草 method for pox that will not swell — where the formula records the sibling washes against drug entries but leaves this one unrecorded. That one use is reported as a borderline candidate for an entry.
譯 1.46.2 Source원문
處處有之, 久食損陽氣, 道家特忌. 《本草》
Translation영역
It is found everywhere; eaten over long periods it damages the yang qi, and the Daoists particularly avoid it.
1.46.1 Rapeseed 子
譯 1.46.1.1 Source원문
壓取油, 付頭令髮長黑. 《本草》
Translation영역
The oil is pressed out and applied to the head to make the hair grow long and black.
Clinical note임상 주석
Rapeseed oil as a hair dressing, which is what it was used for before it was a cooking oil. 令髮長黑 is not supportable — no topical oil darkens hair or increases its growth — and the one thing worth adding is historical rather than clinical: traditional, unselected rapeseed is high in **erucic acid**, which is cardiotoxic in animal feeding studies, and modern edible rapeseed (canola) is a low-erucic cultivar bred in the 1970s. A sixteenth-century 평지 oil is not canola. As a topical dressing none of that matters; as a food oil it is the reason old rapeseed oil is not the same commodity as the bottle on a shelf today.
The part_of field is left empty because the parent headword 芸薹 has no entry in the materia medica.
1.47 Chard 莙薘
근대 근대 geundae
`근대` 는 16세기 꼴과 현대 표준어가 글자까지 같다. 한자 `莙薘` 의 소리(군달)에서 온 것으로 보이는데 16세기에 이미 `근대` 로 굳어 있고, 지금도 _Beta vulgaris_ var. _cicla_ 의 표준 우리말 이름이다.
譯 1.47.1 Source원문
性平, 微毒. 補中, 下氣, 理脾氣, 去頭風, 利五蔵.
Translation영역
Its nature is balanced and it is slightly toxic. It supplements the centre, brings down qi, orders the spleen qi, dispels head wind, and benefits the five viscera.
Clinical note임상 주석
Chard (Beta vulgaris var. cicla, 근대) is a leaf vegetable and 微毒 does not apply at food doses. The one substantive modern point is the same as at 菠䔖 below: chard is a **high-oxalate** green, in the same class as spinach, beet greens and purslane, so it binds dietary calcium and iron and contributes to calcium-oxalate stone formation in people who form stones. Anyone with a history of calcium-oxalate nephrolithiasis should limit it and should keep their calcium intake up rather than down, since dietary calcium binds oxalate in the gut. Boiling and discarding the water removes a substantial fraction of the soluble oxalate — which is precisely what the Korean preparation (근대 blanched for soup) does.
No herb link is recorded: 莙薘 is not in the materia medica and appears in no formula on this site.
譯 1.47.2 Source원문
園圃中多有之, 人多食之, 然不可多食, 必破腹. 《本草》
Translation영역
It is plentiful in garden plots and people eat a great deal of it; but it ought not be eaten in quantity, for it will certainly upset the bowels.
Clinical note임상 주석
必破腹 — it will certainly upset the bowels — is a straightforward observation about a bulky, high-fibre, high-oxalate green eaten in quantity, and it is one of the half-chapter's several self-imposed limits.
1.48 Spinach 菠䔖
시근ᄎᆡ 시금치 sigeumchi
`시근ᄎᆡ` 는 지금 `시금치` 다. `ᄎᆡ → 치` 는 한자 `菜` 의 소리가 줄어든 꼴이고 (1.28 `부ᄎᆡ → 부추` 와 갈린 길이다), `시근 → 시금` 은 ㄴ/ㅁ 의 흔들림이다. 낱말의 뿌리는 한자 `菠薐`(파릉)이고 `시근` 이 그 변형으로 보인다 — 그래서 이 향명은 고유어가 아니라 **한자어가 우리말 꼴로 닳은 자리**이며, 그 닳음이 1613년에 이미 끝나 있었음을 보여 준다.
譯 1.48.1 Source원문
性冷, 微毒. 利五蔵, 通腸胃熱, 解酒毒.
Translation영역
Its nature is chilly and it is slightly toxic. It benefits the five viscera, frees heat in the intestines and stomach, and resolves the toxin of wine.
Clinical note임상 주석
**Spinach is the chapter's clearest oxalate case and the 微毒 here is, for once, pointing at something real.** Spinach is among the highest-oxalate foods in the diet, and the consequences are three. It is a contributor to **calcium-oxalate kidney stones** in stone-formers; large acute ingestions — green smoothies made with raw spinach, in the reported cases — have caused **oxalate nephropathy with acute kidney injury**, including cases requiring dialysis; and the oxalate binds calcium, iron and magnesium so that spinach is a poor source of the minerals it is reputed for. Boiling and discarding the water removes 30–80 per cent of the soluble oxalate; the Korean preparation, blanched 시금치나물, is the right way to eat it.
Spinach is also **very high in vitamin K** and will antagonise warfarin; the advice is consistency of intake rather than avoidance. And, like other leafy greens, it accumulates nitrate, which matters for infants under six months (methaemoglobinaemia) and is the reason spinach purée is not given to very young babies.
No herb link is recorded: 菠䔖 is not in the materia medica and appears in no formula on this site.
譯 1.48.2 Source원문
生圃中, 人常採食, 然不可多食, 令脚弱. 《本草》
Translation영역
It grows in garden plots and people gather and eat it regularly; but it ought not be eaten in quantity, for it makes the legs weak.
Clinical note임상 주석
令脚弱, weakening the legs, is the same sign the book gives for long-term bracken eating at 1.42, and here too there is a reading available: a diet dominated by a high-oxalate green impairs calcium and iron absorption, and the legs are where both deficiencies show. The convergence is suggestive rather than demonstrated and is offered as such.
1.49 Chickweed 蘩蔞
**`hyangmyeong_mod` 와 `hyangmyeong_en` 을 둘 다 비웠다. 까닭을 적어 둔다.** `ᄃᆞᆰ의십가비` 의 앞쪽 `ᄃᆞᆰ의` 는 또렷하다 — `닭의`(닭의 관형격)이고, 본문의 `卽雞腸草也`(곧 닭의장풀이다)ㆍ`似雞腸故因此得名`(닭의 창자 같아서 그렇게 이름 붙었다)과 그대로 맞물린다. 그런데 **뒤쪽 `십가비` 는 지금 말에서 짝을 찾지 못했다.** 현대 한국어에서 이 식물은 `별꽃` 이고 `십가비` 계열의 낱말이 아니다. 앞쪽만 풀고 뒤쪽을 지어내면 틀린 것이 맞는 것처럼 남으므로 두 칸을 비우고 아는 것만 여기에 적는다.
**이 향명에 교감줄이 붙는다** — 035a 발의 둘째 줄이 `ᄃᆞᆰ의 : ᄃᆞᆯᄀᆡ(초간본)` 이다. 初刊本은 `ᄃᆞᆯᄀᆡ십가비` 로 적는다. 곧 전사본이 받침 ㄺ 과 관형격 `의` 를 갈라 적은 자리를 初刊本은 `ᄃᆞᆯᄀᆡ` 로 이어 적는다 — 16세기 표기에서 어간말 자음군과 곡용의 경계가 어떻게 흔들렸는지 보여 주는 자리다.
譯 1.49.1 Source원문
性平一云微寒, 味酸一云甘醎, 無毒. 主毒腫, 止小便利, 破瘀血, 療積年惡瘡.
Translation영역
Its nature is balanced one says slightly cold, its flavour sour one says sweet and salty, and it is without toxicity. It governs toxic swellings, checks frequent urination, breaks static blood, and treats malign sores of many years' standing.
Clinical note임상 주석
Chickweed (Stellaria media, 별꽃) is a cosmopolitan weed eaten as a spring green and used in folk medicine as a topical for itch and sores, which is what 主毒腫 and 療積年惡瘡 describe. It is in the materia medica as beonru, though it appears in no formula on this site.
積年惡瘡, a malign sore of many years, is the phrase to pause on: a chronic non-healing ulcer is a venous, arterial, diabetic or pressure ulcer until proved otherwise, and **an ulcer that has been present for years and has a rolled or everted edge may be a Marjolin ulcer — squamous carcinoma arising in chronic wound tissue — and needs biopsy.** The modern management of a chronic leg ulcer is to establish the vascular supply with an ankle-brachial pressure index, treat the cause (compression for venous disease, revascularisation for arterial), offload pressure, and debride; a herbal poultice does none of this.
止小便利: urinary frequency needs a urine dipstick and, in an older man, assessment for prostatic obstruction, and in anyone with thirst and polyuria, a glucose.
譯 1.49.2 Source원문
卽雞腸草也. 處處有之, 其莖作蔓, 斷之有絲縷, 細而中空, 似雞腸, 故因此得名. 煑作菜食亦可生食. 《本草》
Translation영역
This is the chicken-gut herb. It is found everywhere; its stem runs as a creeper and when broken shows threads, fine and hollow within, resembling a chicken's gut, from which it takes its name. It may be cooked as a vegetable and may also be eaten raw.
Clinical note임상 주석
**斷之有絲縷, 細而中空 is a precise botanical observation and it identifies the plant.** Stellaria media has a single line of hairs running up one side of the stem and a stem that, broken, leaves an elastic central strand — the character every field guide uses to name it. The book builds its etymology on exactly that character, and the Korean gloss 닭의… and the Chinese 雞腸草 both come from it. The fourth collation line on the leaf, 煑 : 煮(초간본), anchors at 煑作菜食 in this passage, which is the only occurrence of the graph on the leaf; the transcription's form is printed and read as 煮.
1.50 Sweet Bottle Gourd 甜瓠
ᄃᆞᆫ박 단박 sweet gourd
`ᄃᆞᆫ박` 은 `ᄃᆞᆫ`(단, 甜) + `박`(瓠)의 짜임이고 지금 말로 `단박` 이다 (`ᄃᆞ → 다`). **아래 잎 `ᄡᅳᆫ박`(쓴 박)과 한 쌍을 이루는 향명이고, 그 쌍이 이 절과 잎을 가르는 잣대다** — 단 박은 먹는 것이고 쓴 박은 독이다. 표제어와 잎을 섞으면 음식과 독약을 섞는 것이 되므로, `herbs.yaml` 의 `goho 苦瓠` 는 **잎에만** 이었고 표제어는 비웠다 (지침 §3.2).
譯 1.50.1 Source원문
性冷, 味甘, 無毒一云微毒. 通利水道, 除煩止渴, 治心熱, 利小腸, 潤心肺, 治石淋.
Translation영역
Its nature is chilly, its flavour sweet, and it is without toxicity one says slightly toxic. It frees and benefits the waterways, eliminates vexation and checks thirst, treats heat in the heart, benefits the small intestine, moistens the heart and lung, and treats stone strangury.
Clinical note임상 주석
**This headword is the food gourd and the leaf below is the poison, and the pair has to be read together.** Sweet bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria, 단박 or 조롱박) is a staple vegetable — 박나물, 박속 — and the 無毒 here is right for sweet fruit. The materia medica carries only the bitter form, goho 苦瓠, so the herb field here is left empty rather than pointed at a drug that is a different and dangerous thing; 甜瓠 is reported as a candidate entry.
The caution that belongs to the sweet gourd is the one the leaf below makes necessary: **a bottle gourd that tastes bitter must be spat out and discarded.** Cultivated Lagenaria occasionally reverts to high cucurbitacin content, and there is no way to tell by looking — only by the taste, which is immediate and extremely bitter. The full account is in the leaf's note.
治石淋, stone strangury, is urinary calculus. A stone causing colic is managed with analgesia (a non-steroidal is first-line), imaging — non-contrast CT is the standard — and, for stones that will not pass, ureteroscopy or lithotripsy; **a stone with fever is an obstructed infected kidney and a urological emergency requiring drainage.** A diuretic gourd has no role in that.
譯 1.50.2 Source원문
瓠之味甘者, 人常作菜茹食之. 《本草》
Translation영역
The gourd whose flavour is sweet is the one people regularly make into a vegetable dish and eat.
Clinical note임상 주석
瓠之味甘者 — the gourd whose flavour is sweet — is the book sorting its own two entries by taste, which is the only reliable test there is. See the leaf below.
1.50.1 Bitter Bottle Gourd 苦瓠
`ᄡᅳᆫ박` 은 `ᄡᅳᆫ`(쓴) + `박` 이고 지금 말로 `쓴박` 이다 (`ᄡ → ㅆ`). 어미 절의 `ᄃᆞᆫ박`(단박)과 맛으로 짝을 이루며, **그 맛이 음식과 독약을 가르는 유일한 검사**다 — 아래 주기에 적었다.
譯 1.50.1.1 Source원문
性冷, 味苦, 有毒. 其瓤療大水, 面目四肢浮腫, 下水氣, 令人吐. 吐不止, 以黍穰灰汁解之. 《本草》
Translation영역
Its nature is chilly, its flavour bitter, and it is toxic. Its pulp treats great water with puffy swelling of the face, eyes and four limbs, and brings down water qi; it makes a person vomit. If the vomiting will not stop, it is resolved with the lye of millet-stalk ash.
Clinical note임상 주석
**This is the most dangerous drug in this half of the chapter, the book knows it is dangerous, and the book is right about how it works.** The bitter principle of Lagenaria siceraria is a group of **cucurbitacins**, which are among the most bitter substances known and are potently cytotoxic and mucosally irritant. What they produce is the syndrome now called **toxic squash syndrome**: within minutes to a few hours, intense bitterness, burning in the mouth, vomiting, cramping abdominal pain and profuse watery or bloody diarrhoea, then hypovolaemia, hypotension, electrolyte derangement, haematemesis and gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Severe cases have gone on to shock, acute kidney injury and death, and **deaths from drinking bitter bottle-gourd juice are documented in India and China** — the Indian cases came from the fashion for raw lauki juice as a health drink, and the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India issued a public warning after them. Delayed **alopecia**, hair loss some weeks after a severe exposure, is a recognised sequela of cucurbitacin poisoning. **There is no antidote**; management is fluid and electrolyte resuscitation, antiemetics, blood if there is haemorrhage, and supportive care.
So the two halves of this passage are both true and they explain each other. 下水氣 followed by 令人吐 is exactly the action described: a drastic cathartic and emetic. It would reduce oedema — by making the patient vomit and purge and lose fluid — and that is precisely why it must not be used. **大水, great water, is anasarca, and in a modern clinic it is heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis or protein-losing enteropathy. Each has treatment that works** — loop diuretics with careful potassium and renal monitoring, salt restriction, treatment of the underlying disease — and each is made worse by hypovolaemic, electrolyte-wasting purgation. A patient with generalised oedema given a cucurbitacin cathartic is at risk of exactly the complications their oedema already predisposes them to.
吐不止, 以黍穰灰汁解之 — if vomiting will not stop, give millet-stalk lye — is the book's own antidote and it does not work; alkali lye on an irritated and possibly bleeding gastric mucosa is a further caustic insult. It is nonetheless the most valuable sentence in the entry, because it records that the practitioners using this drug expected uncontrollable vomiting often enough to have a standing remedy for it.
**The practical point for anyone who eats gourds**: cucurbitacin reversion occurs in cultivated Lagenaria, Cucurbita and Cucumis, it cannot be seen, and cooking does not destroy it. The taste is the test and it is unmistakable. A bottle gourd, courgette or cucumber that tastes bitter should be spat out and the whole fruit discarded.
1.51 Wood Ear 木耳
`남긔도ᄃᆞᆫ버슷` 은 뜻풀이꼴 향명이고 세 토막으로 갈린다 — `남긔`(나모의 처격, 「나무에」)ㆍ`도ᄃᆞᆫ`(돋은)ㆍ`버슷`(버섯). 셋 다 지금 말로 이어지므로 `나무에 돋은 버섯` 으로 적었다 (`남기/나모 → 나무`, `도ᄃᆞ다 → 돋다`, `버슷 → 버섯`). 아래 잎 `菌子` 의 향명 `ᄯᅡ해도ᄃᆞᆫ버슷`(땅에 돋은 버섯)과 **한 쌍을 이루고, 그 쌍이 본문의 `地生名菌木生名檽`(땅에 나면 菌, 나무에 나면 檽)를 그대로 우리말로 옮긴 것**이다 — 향명이 본문의 분류를 받고 있는 자리다.
**약재 고리에 대한 적바림:** `herbs.yaml` 에 `木耳` 는 한자 그대로 없고, 별칭표가 `木耳` 를 `sangmogi 桑木耳`(상목이)의 변이 이름으로 적어 두었으므로 지침 §3 둘째 걸음에 따라 그 id 에 이었다. 처방표가 `木耳` 를 셋(`木賊ㆍ木耳 燒存性`, `木耳 四兩` 들) 쓰고, 이미 그 가운데 하나의 주기가 「木耳 resolves to the 桑木耳 entry」라 적어 두었다. 다만 **표의 이름이 거꾸로 보인다** — `桑木耳` 는 글자대로 「뽕나무 목이」, 곧 이 절의 잎 `桑耳` 이고, 이 절의 표제어는 총칭 `木耳` 다. 표를 고치지 않고 짝만 보고한다.
譯 1.51.1 Source원문
性寒一云平, 味甘, 無毒. 利五蔵, 宣腸胃壅毒氣, 凉血, 止腸澼下血, 益氣輕身. 《本草》
Translation영역
Its nature is cold one says balanced, its flavour sweet, and it is without toxicity. It benefits the five viscera, disperses blocked toxic qi in the intestines and stomach, cools the blood, checks intestinal flux with bleeding below, benefits the qi and lightens the body.
Clinical note임상 주석
Wood ear (Auricularia species, 목이) is a cultivated edible fungus and the 無毒 is right for it. 止腸澼下血 — checking intestinal flux with bleeding — is the use the drug still carries, and it is also the one place where a modern finding runs the other way: Auricularia polysaccharides have measurable **antiplatelet and anticoagulant activity**, and the fungus has been studied as a cardiovascular food for that reason. So a drug used to stop bleeding is, in modern pharmacology, mildly antithrombotic — the traditional claim and the measured effect point in opposite directions, and the discrepancy is worth printing rather than resolving.
**One modern hazard belongs to this fungus specifically, and it is not mushroom poisoning.** Dried wood ear rehydrated and left at room temperature for many hours has caused large outbreaks of foodborne illness, including a 2020 United States outbreak of Salmonella traced to dried wood ear, and — far more serious — fatal **bongkrekic acid** poisoning from Burkholderia gladioli pathovar cocovenenans growing in long-soaked fermented wood ear and in soaked rice noodles. Bongkrekic acid is a mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocase inhibitor; it causes hypoglycaemia, hepatic and cerebral failure and has a very high case fatality, and there is no antidote. The practical rule is simple and should be stated: **rehydrate dried wood ear in the refrigerator or for no more than a couple of hours, and never soak it overnight at room temperature.**
And 腸澼下血 as a presentation: bleeding per rectum with diarrhoea needs a cause. The differential runs from infective colitis through inflammatory bowel disease to colorectal carcinoma, and chronic or unexplained rectal bleeding needs colonoscopy.
譯 1.51.2 Source원문
地生名菌, 木生名檽音軟, 又名蕈音甚. 有天花蕈蘑菰蕈香蕈肉蕈, 皆因濕氣熏蒸而成. 生山中僻處, 多毒殺人. 《日用》
Translation영역
What grows on the ground is called gyun, what grows on wood is called nu pronounced yeon, and it is also called sim pronounced sim. There are the heavenly-flower mushroom, the mago mushroom, the fragrant mushroom and the flesh mushroom, and all of them form through the steaming of damp qi. Those that grow in remote places in the mountains are often toxic and kill people.
Clinical note임상 주석
**生山中僻處, 多毒殺人 — those from remote places in the mountains are often toxic and kill people — is the book saying the right thing, and it is the sentence this whole section should be read around.** The classification that precedes it is also the organising rule of the section: ground-growing fungi are 菌, wood-growing fungi are 檽, and the Korean glosses of this headword (나무에 돋은 버섯) and of the leaf 菌子 (땅에 돋은 버섯) translate exactly that division.
**The modern statement about mushroom poisoning has to be made once and made plainly, because it governs the six fungi filed under this headword.** The lethal mushrooms of Korea and East Asia are the amatoxin-bearing species — Amanita phalloides, A. virosa (흰알광대버섯), A. subjunquillea (개나리광대버섯), and Galerina and some Lepiota species. Amatoxins inhibit RNA polymerase II and kill hepatocytes, and **the thing that kills people is the latency**: six to twelve hours (sometimes up to 24) of feeling perfectly well, then violent gastroenteritis, then an apparent recovery over the second day, and then fulminant hepatic failure on the third to fifth day. By the time the liver fails, the toxin has been absorbed for days. There is **no proven antidote**; management is aggressive rehydration, activated charcoal, silibinin and N-acetylcysteine where available, and early referral to a liver transplant centre, and transplantation is what saves the sickest patients.
The corollary is the one rule that matters: **a wild mushroom cannot be judged safe by appearance, by smell, by whether animals eat it, by colour change on cutting, or by any of the folk tests — including the one the next passage gives.** Of the deaths reported in Korea and Japan each autumn, most are in people who had gathered mushrooms for years.
譯 1.51.3 Source원문
蕈性平一云微温, 味醎甘, 有小毒. 主心痛, 温中, 去諸蟲. 今世所通用者此物, 多有毒, 宜切以薑及投飯粒試之, 如黑則有毒, 否則無害. 《日用》
Translation영역
The mushroom is balanced in nature one says slightly warm, its flavour salty and sweet, and it has slight toxicity. It governs heart pain, warms the centre and dispels worms of all kinds. What is in general use today is this thing, and much of it is toxic; it is right to cut it and test it with ginger or by dropping in grains of cooked rice — if they turn black it is toxic, and if not it is harmless.
Clinical note임상 주석
**This passage gives a test for poisonous mushrooms and the test does not work. That has to be said without hedging, because a reader who tries it will die.** Neither ginger nor cooked rice nor a silver spoon nor garlic nor any other blackening test detects amatoxin. The folk tests all come from the same false premise — that a poison must react chemically with something in the pot — and amatoxins are odourless, tasteless, heat-stable cyclic peptides that react with nothing visible. **Every one of these tests has a death behind it.** The same is true of the other folk rules: that insects or slugs avoid poisonous mushrooms (they do not), that mushrooms growing on wood are safe (Galerina marginata grows on wood and is lethal), that peeling or boiling or salting removes the poison (it does not), and that a mushroom one has eaten before must be safe (Amanita species are the ones most often mistaken for familiar edibles).
The only safe rule is identification to species by someone competent to do it, and in practice that means eating cultivated mushrooms. Korean poison-control data put the great majority of mushroom poisonings in the autumn gathering season, and the lethal cases are overwhelmingly amatoxin.
It is worth saying in fairness to the 日用本草 that the passage opens by stating 多有毒, that much of what is in common use is toxic. The author knew the danger was real. The test he offers is the failure of a pre-chemical age, not of attention.
譯 1.51.4 Source원문
有木生者, 有地生者, 皆濕熱相感而成. 多食發濕熱. 春初無毒, 夏秋有毒, 爲蛇蟲過也. 《入門》
Translation영역
There are those that grow on wood and those that grow on the ground, and all of them form from damp and heat acting on one another. Eaten in quantity they bring out damp-heat. In early spring they are without toxicity, and in summer and autumn they are toxic, because snakes and insects have passed over them.
Clinical note임상 주석
春初無毒夏秋有毒 is an observation with a real pattern behind it and a wrong explanation attached. The seasonal pattern is correct — mushroom poisonings in Korea and Japan peak sharply in late summer and autumn — but the reason is that **that is when the lethal Amanita species fruit**, not that snakes have crawled over them. The passage is a good example of a sound empirical generalisation resting on a false mechanism, and of why the mechanism matters: someone who believes the poison is contamination from an animal will try to wash it off.
譯 1.51.5 Source원문
楡柳桑槐楮此爲五木茸. 煑漿粥安木上, 以草覆之, 卽生茸, 軟者採以作葅並堪啖. 《本草》
Translation영역
Elm, willow, mulberry, pagoda tree and paper mulberry — these make the five tree fungi. Rice gruel is boiled and set on the wood and covered over with straw, and fungus grows at once; the tender ones are gathered and made into pickles, and all of them are fit to eat.
Clinical note임상 주석
**This is a cultivation method, and it is the most interesting passage in the section after the two warnings.** Gruel poured on a log of elm, willow, mulberry, pagoda tree or paper mulberry and covered with straw to keep it damp is log cultivation of wood-ear: an inoculated, humidified substrate. It would work — Auricularia fruits readily on damp hardwood — and the five named trees are the hardwoods still used for log cultivation of wood ear and shiitake in Korea and Japan.
It is also the practical answer to the previous three passages. **The way not to be poisoned by a mushroom is to grow it**, and the 本草 has the method here, next to the warning about the ones that grow in remote places in the mountains. The five trees named are the reason the next three leaves are 桑耳, 槐耳 and — by the same logic of substrate — the rest.
1.51.1 Mulberry Fungus 桑耳
譯 1.51.1.1 Source원문
性平一云温, 味甘, 微毒. 主腸風瀉血, 及婦人心腹痛, 崩中漏下赤白. 《本草》
Translation영역
Its nature is balanced one says warm, its flavour sweet, and it is slightly toxic. It governs intestinal wind with bleeding below, and pain in a woman's heart and abdomen, and flooding and spotting of red and white.
譯 1.51.1.2 Translation영역
One name for it is mulberry yellow.
Clinical note임상 주석
**一名桑黄 is the book naming its own drug, and it decides this leaf's identification.** 桑黃 is Phellinus linteus (상황버섯), the hard perennial bracket of mulberry, and it is in this site's materia medica as sanghwang and used in three formulas as 乾桑黃茹. Since 桑耳 is neither that entry's headword hanja nor one of its aliases, the herb field here is left empty rather than pointed at a name that does not match, and the pair 桑耳 = sanghwang is reported for the alias table. The part_of field carries the parent's id as the house form requires.
The naming here is tangled and the tangle should be recorded. The parent headword 木耳 is linked, by the alias table, to an entry called sangmogi 桑木耳 — mulberry wood-ear — whose name describes this leaf rather than the generic headword above it; and this leaf, which is the mulberry fungus, points at a different entry again. Both links follow the table as it stands and neither is changed here.
Clinically, 桑황 is one of the most heavily marketed medicinal mushrooms in Korea, sold as an immune and anticancer product. The evidence is preclinical. Two real cautions: polysaccharide-rich mushroom extracts have been associated with **hepatotoxicity** in case reports, and patients on chemotherapy should not add them without telling their oncologist, since interaction and hepatic injury both muddy the assessment of treatment toxicity. 崩中漏下 is abnormal uterine bleeding and the note at 水芹 (1.35) applies.
1.51.2 Pagoda Tree Fungus 槐耳
譯 1.51.2.1 Source원문
療五痔, 治風破血, 益氣力. 《本草》
Translation영역
It treats the five kinds of piles, treats wind and breaks blood, and benefits the strength of the qi.
Clinical note임상 주석
槐耳 is the bracket fungus of the pagoda tree (Styphnolobium japonicum, 회화나무), now identified with Trametes robiniophila, which is the source of the Chinese polysaccharide preparation Huaier granule used as an adjuvant in hepatocellular carcinoma. The one controlled trial of it is Chinese and the drug is not licensed outside China. It is not in this site's materia medica and appears in no formula here, so no herb link is recorded.
療五痔: see 1.38.1. Rectal bleeding is not assumed haemorrhoidal.
1.51.3 Shiitake 蘑菰
`표고` 는 16세기 꼴과 현대 표준어가 글자까지 같고, 지금도 _Lentinula edodes_ 의 표준 우리말 이름이다. **이 향명이 이 잎을 가린다** — 한자 `蘑菰` 만으로는 중국의 여러 삿갓버섯 가운데 어느 것인지 알 수 없는데, 향명이 `표고` 라고 못박아 준다. 어미 절 본문이 꼽은 `蘑菰蕈` 과 같은 이름이다.
譯 1.51.3.1 Source원문
性平, 味甘, 無毒. 悅神, 開胃, 止吐止瀉, 甚香美. 《入門》
Translation영역
Its nature is balanced, its flavour sweet, and it is without toxicity. It gladdens the spirit, opens the stomach, checks vomiting and checks diarrhoea, and is very fragrant and good.
Clinical note임상 주석
**The Korean gloss settles what the characters leave open: this is shiitake** (Lentinula edodes, 표고), a cultivated mushroom, and the 無毒 is right. It is the one fungus under this headword that a modern reader can buy and eat without qualification, and 甚香美 is the whole of its reputation.
Two genuine but minor modern points. **Shiitake dermatitis** is a well-described reaction to eating raw or undercooked shiitake: a strikingly linear, whip-like (flagellate) erythematous eruption appearing a day or two after the meal, caused by lentinan, lasting a week or two and resolving on its own; it is harmless and is cooked away. And the dried mushroom carries a sulphite-like reputation it does not deserve, but it is high in purines, which matters only to someone managing gout.
No herb link is recorded: 蘑菰 is not in this site's materia medica and appears in no formula here.
1.51.4 Rock Tripe 石耳
譯 1.51.4.1 Source원문
性寒一云平, 味甘, 無毒. 清心, 養胃, 止血, 延年益顔色, 令人不飢. 生於名山石崖上, 名曰靈芝. 《日用》
Translation영역
Its nature is cold one says balanced, its flavour sweet, and it is without toxicity. It clears the heart, nourishes the stomach, checks bleeding, lengthens the years and improves the complexion, and keeps a person from hunger. It grows on the rock faces of the famous mountains, and is called the numinous fungus.
Clinical note임상 주석
**石耳 is not a fungus at all. It is a lichen** — Umbilicaria species, 석이 — which is a symbiosis of a fungus and an alga, and it grows in flat leathery plates on bare rock exactly as the passage says. It is a real Korean delicacy, gathered from cliff faces, soaked, scrubbed and shredded into dishes and used as a black garnish on 떡 and in temple cooking. The 日用本草's 令人不飢, keeping a person from hunger, is the famine-food character of rock tripe, which is what it has been across the northern hemisphere: the Arctic explorers' tripe de roche is the same genus.
Two things to add. The name 靈芝 here is **not** the 영지 of commerce: that is Ganoderma lucidum, a bracket fungus of hardwood, and this is a rock lichen. The book is using 靈芝 as a term of praise, as it uses 菜芝 at 薤菜. Confusing the two names would put the wrong material in a prescription.
And rock tripe needs preparation. Umbilicaria and related lichens carry lichen acids that are gastric irritants and have caused severe cramping diarrhoea in people who ate them unprocessed — this is documented in the survival literature. The traditional treatment, long soaking in several changes of water (and, in some accounts, in water with ash), leaches them. **The real hazard, though, is the gathering**: rock tripe grows on cliffs, and deaths among 석이 gatherers in Korea are falls, not poisoning. No herb link is recorded; 石耳 is not in this site's materia medica.
1.51.5 Ground Mushrooms 菌子
`ᄯᅡ해도ᄃᆞᆫ버슷` 은 `ᄯᅡ해`(ᄯᅡ 의 처격, 「땅에」)ㆍ`도ᄃᆞᆫ`(돋은)ㆍ`버슷`(버섯)의 짜임이고 셋 다 지금 말로 이어진다 (`ᄯᅡ → 땅`, `ᄯ → ㄸ`). 어미 절 1.51 의 `남긔도ᄃᆞᆫ버슷`(나무에 돋은 버섯)과 **한 쌍이고, 그 쌍이 본문의 `地生名菌木生名檽` 를 그대로 옮긴 것**이다.
譯 1.51.5.1 Source원문
性寒. 發五蔵風, 壅經絡, 動痔疾, 令人昏睡. 生野田中, 多有毒, 不可輕食. 楓樹菌尤有毒. 《本草》
Translation영역
Its nature is cold. It brings out wind in the five viscera, blocks the channels and network vessels, stirs up piles, and makes a person sleep heavily. It grows in open fields, much of it is toxic, and it ought not be eaten lightly. The fungus of the maple tree is the most toxic of all.
Clinical note임상 주석
**菌子 is a generic, not a species — it is the book's collective name for ground-growing mushrooms, which is why the Korean gloss translates it as "the fungus that has sprouted on the ground" and why no drug link is recorded for it.** A generic cannot be a materia medica entry; this project's rules make that the test, and the entry fails it on its own terms.
**Everything in the passage is a warning, and the warnings are good ones.** 多有毒不可輕食 — much of it is toxic and it should not be eaten lightly — is correct and is the right counsel for wild field mushrooms in Korea, where the lethal Amanita species fruit in grass and woodland edge. 令人昏睡, making a person sleep heavily, is a genuine clinical picture: it describes the muscimol and ibotenic acid syndrome of Amanita muscaria and A. pantherina, which produces somnolence alternating with agitation, delirium and sometimes seizures within an hour or two, and it is the one mushroom syndrome in which sedation really is the presenting feature. That syndrome is survivable with supportive care and benzodiazepines.
**The syndrome that is not survivable without a liver is the amatoxin one, and nothing in this passage would detect it** — the full account is in the note to 1.51's second passage. The crucial point to restate here, under the entry that covers field mushrooms: **the latency is the killer.** Six to twelve hours of feeling well after the meal, and by the time the vomiting starts the toxin is absorbed. Anyone who has eaten a wild mushroom and then becomes unwell, however mildly and however late, should go to hospital and should say what they ate and when; if any of the mushroom or the meal remains, it should be taken along.
楓樹菌尤有毒, the maple-tree fungus being the most toxic, cannot be matched to a modern species with any confidence and is left as the book gives it.
1.52 Pine Mushroom 松耳
譯 1.52.1 Source원문
性平, 味甘, 無毒. 味甚香美, 有松氣. 生山中古松樹下, 假松氣而生, 木茸中第一也. 《俗方》
Translation영역
Its nature is balanced, its flavour sweet, and it is without toxicity. Its flavour is very fragrant and fine and it has the scent of pine. It grows in the mountains beneath old pine trees, taking its life from the pine's qi, and it is the first among the tree fungi.
Clinical note임상 주석
**This is a 俗方 entry — a Korean addition — and it is one of the best things in the chapter.** 松耳 is 송이, the pine mushroom (Tricholoma matsutake), and in five short clauses the entry gets the mycology right in a way nothing else in this section does. 生山中古松樹下, growing beneath old pines, is exact: matsutake is an **ectomycorrhizal** symbiont of Pinus densiflora and fruits in mature, nutrient-poor red pine stands. 假松氣而生, taking its life from the pine's qi, is as close to a statement of mycorrhizal dependence as a pre-modern text gets, and **it is the reason matsutake cannot be cultivated**: it has to have a living host root, and sixty years of attempts have not produced commercial cultivation. That is why 송이 remains a gathered, auction-priced, high-value wild crop in Korea and Japan and why it is the most expensive mushroom in the Korean market.
木茸中第一也 — the first among the tree fungi — is a judgement of flavour, and it is also an accurate note on standing: this is the mushroom of Korean banquet cooking and of autumn gifts.
Two things to add. The modern identification caution is that matsutake has a lookalike, Amanita smithiana and in Japan Entoloma and Tricholoma species, and A. smithiana causes **nephrotoxicity** — delayed acute kidney injury some days after the meal, needing dialysis in severe cases. Gatherers in the Pacific Northwest have been poisoned mistaking it for matsutake. The spicy-pine smell is the real character but it is not a sufficient one for a novice. And as a conservation matter, matsutake is on the IUCN Red List as vulnerable, with Korean and Japanese harvests in long decline as pine stands age and are lost to pine wilt nematode.
No herb link is recorded: 松耳 is not in this site's materia medica and appears in no formula here. This is also **one of only two sections in this half of the chapter with no Korean gloss** — the other is 羅勒 (1.39) — and for the opposite reason: 羅勒 had no Korean name because the plant was not grown here, while 松耳 needed none because the headword is already the Korean word, 송이, written in characters.
1.53 Laver and Sea Vegetables 海菜
머육 미역 miyeok
`머육` 은 지금 `미역` 이다 (`머육 > 머역 > 미역`; 16–19세기 문헌에 `머육ㆍ머역ㆍ 미역` 의 흔들림이 이어진다). **그런데 향명과 본문이 서로 다른 것을 가리킨다.** 향명 `머육` 은 미역(_Undaria pinnatifida_)인데 본문은 `色正青取乾之則色紫故一名 紫菜`(빛이 푸르고 말리면 자줏빛이 되므로 一名 紫菜)라 하여 김(_Pyropia_, 紫菜)을 적는다. 곧 이 표제어는 **낱 해조 하나가 아니라 바다나물 전체의 어미 머리**이고, 향명은 조선 사람이 가장 먼저 떠올리는 바다나물 이름을 붙인 것으로 읽힌다 — 아래에 해조 다섯(海藻ㆍ海帶ㆍ昆布ㆍ甘苔ㆍ鹿角菜)이 잎으로 달린 까닭이다. 표제어 `海菜` 와 `紫菜` 가 둘 다 약재표에 없고 처방에도 한 자리도 없으므로 고리를 비웠다.
譯 1.53.1 Source원문
性寒, 味醎, 無毒. 下熱煩, 療癭瘤結氣, 利水道.
Translation영역
Its nature is cold, its flavour salty, and it is without toxicity. It brings down heat and vexation, treats goitre and tumours and bound qi, and benefits the waterways.
Clinical note임상 주석
**療癭瘤 — treating goitre — is the place where this chapter is most clearly right, and the reason has to be set out because it also contains the reason the same treatment is wrong in modern Korea.**
癭 is goitre, an enlarged thyroid, and across most of pre-modern Eurasia the commonest cause of goitre was **iodine deficiency**. Seaweeds are the richest dietary source of iodine there is. So a tradition that treats 癭 with 海藻, 昆布 and 海帶 is giving iodine for iodine-deficiency goitre, which is **the correct and specific treatment** — the one place in the Decoctions text where a classical indication and a modern mechanism line up exactly. Universal salt iodisation is the public-health version of the same insight, and it has eliminated endemic goitre over much of the world.
**In Korea the hazard now runs the other way.** Korean iodine intake is among the highest in the world precisely because of seaweed consumption, and postpartum 미역국 pushes it higher still. Excess iodine causes thyroid dysfunction in both directions: the Wolff–Chaikoff effect produces **iodine-induced hypothyroidism**, which is the commoner outcome in Korea and is a documented cause of transient hypothyroidism in breastfed newborns whose mothers eat large amounts of seaweed soup; and in susceptible people, particularly those with nodular goitre or latent Graves disease, iodine load causes **iodine-induced hyperthyroidism** (the Jod-Basedow phenomenon). Kelp supplements have caused clinical thyrotoxicosis and clinical hypothyroidism in case reports, and some products carry iodine at tens of times the tolerable upper intake.
So the honest statement is: **the book is right about the mechanism and wrong for its modern Korean reader.** A goitre today needs thyroid function tests, antibodies and an ultrasound before anything is given, because the question is which way the thyroid is failing; and a nodule needs assessment for malignancy. Adding kelp to a thyroid of unknown status can make either problem worse. 瘤, tumour, is a separate matter again — a neck lump is imaged and biopsied.
One further point belongs to the group. Brown seaweeds, kelp in particular, **accumulate arsenic and heavy metals**, and Hizikia (톳) carries inorganic arsenic at levels that have led several countries to advise against eating it; cadmium and lead have been found in kelp supplements. Occasional culinary seaweed is not a concern; daily concentrated supplements are.
譯 1.53.2 Source원문
生海中, 色正青, 取乾之則色紫, 故一名紫菜. 《本草》
Translation영역
It grows in the sea; its colour is a true green, and when taken and dried it turns purple, and so one name for it is purple vegetable.
Clinical note임상 주석
**色正青 … 取乾之則色紫 is an accurate observation of a real pigment change, and it identifies the plant the body text is describing as 김 rather than 미역.** Pyropia (laver, 김, Japanese nori) is green-brown and glossy when fresh and turns deep purple-black as it dries, because the water-soluble phycobiliprotein phycoerythrin dominates once the chlorophyll degrades. 紫菜 is still the Chinese name for laver.
This sits against the section's Korean gloss 머육, which is 미역 (Undaria), a different seaweed. The mismatch is recorded in hyangmyeong_note above rather than resolved: the headword behaves as a collective for sea vegetables with five of them as leaves beneath it, and the gloss names the one a Korean reader would have thought of first.
1.53.1 Sargassum 海藻
`ᄆᆞᆯ` 은 지금 `말` 이다 (아래아가 ㅏ 로 간 보통 꼴). `말` 은 현대 한국어에도 남아 있는 낱말이고 — `말무리`ㆍ`참말` 들에 보이듯 — 물에 자라는 조류를 두루 가리키는 말이다. 그래서 `hyangmyeong_mod` 를 채웠다. 다만 **지금 _Sargassum_ 을 가리키는 표준 우리말 이름은 `모자반`** 이고, `말` 은 그보다 넓은 총칭이다. 낱말이 이어지는 자리와 지칭이 좁혀진 자리를 갈라 적어 둔다.
譯 1.53.1.1 Source원문
性寒, 味苦醎, 無毒一云小毒. 主癭瘤結核, 疝氣下墜, 核腫疼痛, 下十二水腫, 利小便.
Translation영역
Its nature is cold, its flavour bitter and salty, and it is without toxicity one says slightly toxic. It governs goitre and tumours and scrofulous nodes, mounting qi with downward dragging, aching pain of nodular swellings, brings down the twelve kinds of water swelling, and benefits the urine.
Clinical note임상 주석
海藻 is one of the two heavily used drugs under this headword — 27 formulas on this site carry it — and almost all of them are goitre and neck-lump formulas, usually paired with 昆布. **The iodine argument set out in full at 1.53 applies here and is the whole clinical content of this leaf.** The book is giving iodine for goitre and that was the right treatment in a deficient population; in modern Korea the risk is iodine excess, and a goitre needs thyroid function tests and an ultrasound first.
The 一云小毒 gloss is a flicker of the right instinct. Sargassum is not toxic as a food, but brown seaweeds concentrate arsenic and heavy metals, and the iodine load itself is what makes the drug capable of harm.
疝氣下墜 — mounting qi dragging downward — is an inguinal or inguinoscrotal hernia, and a hernia that becomes irreducible, tender and accompanied by vomiting is **strangulated and is a surgical emergency.** 結核 here means a hard node rather than tuberculosis in the modern sense, but the differential for a persistent hard neck or groin node is the one given at 荊芥 (1.30): tuberculous lymphadenitis, lymphoma, metastatic carcinoma.
譯 1.53.1.2 Source원문
生海中, 七月七日採曝乾. 《本草》
Translation영역
It grows in the sea and is gathered on the seventh day of the seventh month and dried in the sun.
1.53.2 Kelp Ribbon 海帶
`다ᄉᆞ마` 는 지금 `다시마` 다 (`ᄉᆞ → 시`, 아래아가 ㅣ 로 간 자리). 지금도 _Saccharina japonica_ 의 표준 우리말 이름이고, 약재표의 `haedae 海帶` 와 한자가 그대로 맞는다. 바로 아래 잎 `昆布` 도 약재표에서 같은 라틴명(Laminariae Thallus)을 쓰는데, **책은 둘을 다른 품목으로 세우고 `似海藻而麄且長`(海藻 같으나 굵고 길다)으로 가른다** — 둘을 합치지 말 것.
譯 1.53.2.1 Source원문
療疝氣, 下水, 治癭瘤結氣, 能軟堅.
Translation영역
It treats mounting qi, brings down water, treats goitre and tumours and bound qi, and is able to soften what is hard.
譯 1.53.2.2 Source원문
生東海中, 似海藻而麄且長. 《本草》
Translation영역
It grows in the Eastern Sea, resembling sargassum but coarser and longer.
Clinical note임상 주석
生東海中, growing in the Eastern Sea, is one of four such notices under this headword (also at 昆布, 甘苔's 生海中 and 鹿角菜) and it is a Korean provenance statement: the kelp beds of the east coast. 似海藻而麄且長 — coarser and longer than sargassum — is the book's own key separating this leaf from the one above, and it is a correct description of a Saccharina blade against a bushy Sargassum frond.
能軟堅, softening what is hard, is the phrase the tradition uses for the whole seaweed group's action on lumps, and the iodine account at 1.53 explains why it had real effects on one kind of lump. The modern cautions there apply. Dasima is also the base of Korean stock and an everyday food; nothing in ordinary culinary use is a concern.
1.53.3 Kelp 昆布
譯 1.53.3.1 Source원문
性寒, 味醎, 無毒. 主十二水腫, 利水道, 去面腫, 療瘻瘡, 癭瘤結氣.
Translation영역
Its nature is cold, its flavour salty, and it is without toxicity. It governs the twelve kinds of water swelling, benefits the waterways, dispels swelling of the face, and treats fistulous sores and goitre and tumours and bound qi.
Clinical note임상 주석
昆布 is the most used drug in this section — 18 formulas on this site — and, like 海藻, almost entirely in goitre and neck-lump prescriptions. **The iodine account at 1.53 is the clinical content of this leaf and should be read there.** In short: giving kelp for goitre was right in an iodine-deficient population and is hazardous in iodine-replete Korea, where it can precipitate both hypothyroidism and, in susceptible thyroids, thyrotoxicosis; kelp supplements have done both in published cases. A goitre is investigated before it is treated.
十二水腫, the twelve kinds of water swelling, is generalised oedema, and the caution set out at 苦瓠 (1.50.1) applies: oedema has causes — heart, kidney, liver — each with effective treatment.
療瘻瘡, treating fistulous sores, is worth a line. A chronically discharging sinus or fistula is most often perianal (needing surgical assessment and, if Crohn disease, medical therapy), or it is a discharging tuberculous node, or it is osteomyelitis with a sinus tract. None of them closes with a seaweed.
譯 1.53.3.2 Source원문
生東海中. 凡海物, 洗去醎味乃入藥. 《本草》
Translation영역
It grows in the Eastern Sea. All sea products are washed to remove the salty taste before being put into medicine.
Clinical note임상 주석
**凡海物洗去醎味乃入藥 is a general processing rule stated once and applying to the whole of this headword, and it is sound practice for more than one reason.** Washing removes the sodium chloride — which matters for a drug given to an oedematous patient, since salt is the one thing that will worsen the oedema the drug is meant to reduce — and it also removes a part of the water-soluble iodine and of the surface contaminants. It is the kind of sentence that justifies translating these entries closely: one clause of method that governs five leaves.
1.53.4 Green Laver 甘苔
譯 1.53.4.1 Source원문
性寒, 味醎. 主痔, 殺蟲, 霍亂吐瀉, 心煩.
Translation영역
Its nature is cold and its flavour salty. It governs piles, kills worms, and sudden turmoil with vomiting and diarrhoea, and vexation of the heart.
譯 1.53.4.2 Source원문
一名青苔. 生海中, 可作脯食之. 《本草》
Translation영역
One name for it is green moss. It grows in the sea and can be made into a dried cake and eaten.
Clinical note임상 주석
甘苔 or 青苔 is 감태 or 파래, the green sea lettuces (Ulva and Monostroma species), and 可作脯食之 — made into a dried cake — describes the pressed sheets that are still made and eaten in the Korean southwest. It is a food. No herb link is recorded: neither 甘苔 nor 青苔 is in this site's materia medica and neither appears in any formula here.
殺蟲, killing worms, is not a usable anthelmintic action; intestinal helminths are identified on stool examination and treated with albendazole, mebendazole or praziquantel. 霍亂吐瀉: see the note at 香薷 (1.32) — profuse watery diarrhoea is treated with rehydration first and foremost. 主痔: see 1.38.1.
1.53.5 Stag-horn Seaweed 鹿角菜
譯 1.53.5.1 Source원문
性大寒, 無毒一云微毒. 下熱氣, 療小兒骨蒸, 解麪毒.
Translation영역
Its nature is greatly cold and it is without toxicity one says slightly toxic. It brings down heat qi, treats steaming of the bones in children, and resolves the toxin of wheat flour.
Clinical note임상 주석
小兒骨蒸, steaming of the bones in a child, is chronic low-grade fever with wasting, and **in a child the first thing to exclude is tuberculosis**, then malignancy — leukaemia and lymphoma present this way — then chronic infection and inflammatory disease. A child with persistent fever, night sweats and weight loss needs a full blood count, inflammatory markers, a chest radiograph and a paediatric assessment, not a cooling seaweed.
解麪毒, resolving the toxin of wheat flour, is a food-combining idea rather than a pharmacological one, and it recurs at 菘菜's 虀 leaf in the first half of this chapter. It is worth one modern remark only because the words happen to point at something real that the book could not have meant: wheat does cause disease in the people who cannot tolerate it, and coeliac disease is diagnosed by serology and duodenal biopsy and treated by lifelong gluten exclusion. Nothing resolves it after the fact.
譯 1.53.5.2 Source원문
生東海中, 不可久食. 《本草》
Translation영역
It grows in the Eastern Sea and ought not be eaten over long periods.
譯 1.53.5.3 Translation영역
I suspect this is what is now called the green-horn vegetable.
Clinical note임상 주석
The last of this half-chapter's five 疑是 hedges, and like the others it should be left as a hedge. 鹿角菜 and 青角菜 — stag-horn and green-horn — both describe a branched, cartilaginous red seaweed, and the Korean candidates are 청각 (Codium fragile, which is actually a green alga and is still used in kimchi) and the Chondrus and Gloiopeltis group. The 一云微毒 and 不可久食 above do not attach to any known hazard in those species. No herb link is recorded; neither name is in this site's materia medica.
1.54 Selengian Wormwood 蔞蒿
믈ᄡᅮᆨ 물쑥 mulssuk
`믈ᄡᅮᆨ` 은 `믈`(물) + `ᄡᅮᆨ`(쑥)의 짜임이고 지금 말로 `물쑥` 이다 (`믈 → 물`, 원순모음화; `ᄡ → ㅆ`). `물쑥` 은 지금도 _Artemisia selengensis_ 의 표준 우리말 이름이고, 본문의 `生水澤中似艾`(물 많은 땅에 나고 쑥 같다)가 이름의 두 토막을 그대로 풀어 준다 — **향명과 본문이 서로를 받쳐 주는 자리**다.
譯 1.54.1 Source원문
味甘辛, 食之香美而脆, 作羹臛及菜茹並佳.
Translation영역
Its flavour is sweet and acrid; eaten it is fragrant and fine and crisp, and it does equally well made into a broth or a thick soup and as a vegetable dish.
譯 1.54.2 Source원문
生水澤中, 似艾, 青白色. 《食物》
Translation영역
It grows in watery marshes, resembling mugwort, greenish-white in colour.
Clinical note임상 주석
**This is the only item in the whole Vegetables chapter — all 123 of them — that states no nature, no toxicity and no therapeutic action of any kind.** It gives a flavour, a way of cooking, a habitat and a colour, and it is the only item in the chapter whose sole source is the 食物本草. I measured both of those claims across the chapter and across the Decoctions text before making them, because the chapter's count line (菜部凡一百二十二種) is one short of the transcription's 123 items and this is the entry that most looks like something other than a drug. The full account of that discrepancy is in the report; the short version is that **the "not a drug" reading does not survive measurement** — the Decoctions text contains 59 items with no nature, no toxicity statement and no action verb, and they sit in chapters (獸部 236, 果部 91, 草部下 188, 草部上 79) whose counts match the book exactly. The book counted purely descriptive entries. So this entry's being purely descriptive cannot be why the count is short.
On the plant: 물쑥 (Artemisia selengensis) is a riverside wormwood whose young shoots are a spring 나물 in Korea and are eaten in China as lóuhāo, and 似艾 — resembling mugwort — is correct, since it is an Artemisia. It is a food and there is nothing to warn about at culinary doses. The genus does carry the general caution that wormwoods are rich in sesquiterpene lactones and are a cause of Compositae contact dermatitis, and that Artemisia pollen is a major autumn aeroallergen in Korea, with oral allergy cross-reactivity to celery and spices in sensitised people. No herb link is recorded; 蔞蒿 is not in this site's materia medica and appears in no formula here.
1.55 Aralia Shoots 木頭菜
둘훕 두릅 dureup
`둘훕` 은 지금 `두릅` 이다 (`둘훕 > 두룹 > 두릅`; ㅎ 이 약해지며 앞 음절로 흡수된 꼴이고 19세기 문헌에 `두룹` 이 보인다). `두릅` 은 지금도 _Aralia elata_ 의 새순을 가리키는 표준어다. 표제어 `木頭菜` 의 글자 뜻(나무 머리의 나물)이 바로 새순을 가리키므로 향명과 표제어가 맞물린다.
譯 1.55.1 Source원문
性平, 無毒. 煑作茹, 作葅食之佳. 處處有之, 春初採之. 《俗方》
Translation영역
Its nature is balanced and it is without toxicity. Cooked and made into a vegetable dish, or made into pickles and eaten, it is good. It is found everywhere, and is gathered in early spring.
Clinical note임상 주석
**This is a 俗方 entry and the fourth-from-last item in the chapter**, one of three short Korean wild-vegetable notices that close it (with 蔞蒿 above and 白菜 below). 두릅 is the young shoot of Aralia elata (참두릅, the tree) and of Aralia continentalis (땅두릅, the herb), blanched and eaten with gochujang in early spring, and 春初採之 is still exactly when it is gathered.
It carries a 性平無毒 statement, which is a proper nature-and-toxicity line, so by the book's own form this is a drug entry and not merely a food note — which matters for the chapter's count discrepancy and is why it cannot be the extra item. See the report.
Two real cautions. The shoots are gathered from a **spiny tree**, and the related Aralia and Kalopanax species are confused in the field; more to the point, the genus is in the Araliaceae alongside Hedera, and handling the bark and shoots causes contact dermatitis in sensitised people. And 두릅 is eaten **blanched, not raw** — raw Aralia shoots are acrid and cause gastrointestinal upset, and the parboiling is not optional. No herb link is recorded; 木頭菜 is not in this site's materia medica and appears in no formula here.
1.56 Butterbur 白菜
머휘 머위 meowi
**이 향명이 이 절의 가장 중요한 것이고, 없으면 틀리게 읽힌다.** `머휘` 는 지금 `머위` 다 (`휘 → 위`, ㅎ 탈락), 곧 _Petasites japonicus_ 다 — **배추가 아니다.** 한자 `白菜` 만 보면 누구나 배추로 읽겠지만, 이 문의 배추는 1.11 `菘菜`(향명 `ᄇᆡᄎᆡ`)이고 이 절은 그것과 마흔다섯 품목 떨어진 자리에 따로 섰다. 본문도 `取莖煑作羹茹`(줄기를 취해 삶아 국과 나물을 만든다)라 하여 **줄기**를 쓴다고 적는데, 그것이 머위대(머위 잎자루)를 쓰는 지금의 쓰임과 그대로 맞물린다. 그러므로 약재표의 `sungchae 菘菜`(Brassicae Folium)에 **이어서는 안 된다** — 고리를 비웠고 그 까닭을 주기에 적었다.
譯 1.56.1 Source원문
性平, 無毒. 取莖煑作羹茹甚佳. 處處種之. 《俗方》
Translation영역
Its nature is balanced and it is without toxicity. The stalk is taken and cooked, and made into a broth or a vegetable dish it is very good. It is planted everywhere.
Clinical note임상 주석
**The Korean gloss decides this entry and it decides it against the characters.** 白菜 reads as Chinese cabbage to any modern eye, and this is not that: the gloss is 머휘, modern 머위, which is butterbur (Petasites japonicus), and the chapter's Chinese cabbage is 菘菜 at 1.11 with the gloss ᄇᆡᄎᆡ. 取莖, taking the stalk, confirms it — the part eaten is the petiole, 머위대, boiled and dressed or cooked in 들깨 broth, and that is a southern Korean spring dish still. **So this section must not be linked to the materia medica's sungchae 菘菜, Brassicae Folium**, which is the cabbage; the herb field is left empty and the identification is reported. This is this project's §3.6 rule working as intended — the book's own words, here its Korean gloss and its 取莖, beating the later world's reading of a name.
**Butterbur carries one of the clearest herb-safety issues in this chapter and it has to be stated, because 머위 is a food and a herbal medicine at the same time.** Petasites contains **hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids** — senkirkine and petasitenine in P. japonicus — which are metabolised to pyrroles that cause hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (veno-occlusive disease) and are genotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic in animals. The European butterbur P. hybridus is used as a licensed migraine and allergic-rhinitis preparation, and those products are made from **PA-free extracts**; the German authorities restricted butterbur products and the United Kingdom issued warnings after cases of **hepatotoxicity, including liver failure requiring transplantation**, attributed to butterbur extracts.
The practical reading for a Korean clinic: eating boiled 머위대 as a seasonal vegetable is long-established and the exposure is low, and the parboiling and change of water that the dish requires anyway removes part of the water-soluble alkaloid. **Concentrated butterbur extracts, long courses, and use in pregnancy, in children, or in anyone with liver disease are a different matter and should be avoided unless the product is certified PA-free.** The book's 無毒 is a statement about a vegetable, not about an extract.
This is the last item in the chapter, and it is also the one the chapter's short count line is most often supposed to point at. The report sets out what I found and why I cannot settle it.
About this translation 凡例
Base text: Donguibogam (東醫寶鑑, 1613 first edition), Decoctions and Medicinals, Volume 2, Vegetables chapter. The Chinese text follows the Kyujanggak transcription; where the first printing (初刊本) reads differently the transcription's reading is printed and the variant recorded in a textual note. Original character forms are retained, and the sixteenth-century Korean vernacular written inside the Chinese text is printed as the transcription gives it rather than silently dropped. The vernacular names (鄕名) are given in Unicode old Hangul converted from the Hanyang private-use encoding; where a gloss resolves as a word but does not fix a species, the note says so instead of supplying a name. Terminology follows Wiseman & Feng, A Practical Dictionary of Chinese Medicine. Several entries name plants that are poisonous, carcinogenic or hepatotoxic and are still eaten; the translation prints what the book says and the clinical notes state the modern position. Translation and clinical notes are original to this site. — Eui Young (Justin) Chung, L.Ac., Dipl. O.M.